宏观经济变化对利率期限结构的影响机制研究

利率期限结构的变化受到各种宏观经济因素的影响,本文通过建立结构VAR模型,发现宏观经济冲击对不同期限利率水平产生显著影响,但不同冲击产生的影响不同;水平、倾斜和曲度3个因素可以解释90%以上的利率曲线变化,但水平因素的解释能力与成熟市场相比较弱;利用脉冲反应和方差分解,发现实际经济变化主导着利率的倾斜因素和曲度因素的变化,而货币政策是影响利率水平因素变化的主要原因,对其他因素的影响较弱,这一点与发达国家的成熟市场存在较大差别。     

中国利率期限结构的非线性动态调整:基于MS-VECM模型的研究途径

基于MS-VECM模型对预期理论调整作用下的中国利率期限结构非线性动态过程进行的实证研究,结果表明:预期理论在中国利率期限结构中是成立的;中国利率期限结构具有两区制的非线性动态特征,可以按预期理论的调整强度将两种区制分别描述为"强调整区制"与"弱调整区制";不同期限利率的平均变动幅度和平均风险溢价水平会随区制状态变化而发生变化,具有区制相依性,区制间的转移具有非对称性;利率期限结构与物价压力的非线性区制划分具有相似性,物价波动是利率期限结构非线性动态变化的重要原因。     

利率期限结构与宏观经济因素的动态相依性——基于VAR模型的经验研究

利率期限结构的变化受到各种宏观经济冲击的影响,宏观经济冲击通过利率期限结构的变化影响到资产收益曲线。文章通过估计和检验结构VAR模型,发现货币冲击、供给冲击和价格冲击都对短期利率产生了持续显著的影响,而对长期利率则没有显著作用效果。宏观经济冲击只对收益曲线的截距参数具有显著影响,而对收益曲线的斜率参数和曲率参数的影响微弱。     

利率期限结构内含的宏观经济信息——基于TVP-VAR模型的时变参数研究

本文利用动态Nelson Siegel模型估计国债利率期限结构,并构建时变参数向量自回归(TVP-VAR)模型研究利率期限结构与宏观经济之间的关系,从中探寻利率期限结构隐含的宏观经济信息。研究结果表明,总体上我国利率期限结构的调整与经济运行相匹配,利率期限结构发挥了对经济周期和通货膨胀的"指示器"作用;我国利率期限结构在形态及变化特征上与成熟市场经验相比存在偏差,且货币政策利率对利率期限结构变化的反应不够灵敏;相比经济周期和通货膨胀而言,我国利率期限结构没有明确体现出货币政策利率调控的信息。这些结论为我们进一步健全国债利率期限结构、完善货币政策传导机制提供思路。     

利率期限结构——宏观经济波动态势的“指示器”

利率期限结构作为利率管理的重要内容,在我国货币政策制定中的参考作用也日益加强.一方面,利率期限结构是金融市场状态与宏观经济运行情况的重要表现,参考利率期限结构有助于提高我国货币政策的前瞻性;利率期限结构中包含的经济信息有助于政策制定部门准确地判断宏观经济的发展趋势,进而合理引导市场参与者的投资行为,保证金融市场的稳定、减少宏观经济的波动.另一方面,利率期限结构反应了不同期限利率之间的变动差异,有助于提高我国货币政策的有效性.利率期限结构的变动情况不但可以体现出货币政策的紧缩性与扩张性,而且可以从一定程度上体现出我国货币政策传导机制是否顺畅.所以,参照利率期限结构可以对货币政策的执行效果进行综合评价与分析,进而提高货币政策的有效性.本文对国内外学者关于利率期限结构与宏观经济联合动态性的研究成果进行了系统梳理与评述.     

我国宏观经济变量影响国债利率期限结构的实证研究

本文在分析我国国债利率期限结构特征的基础上,实证研究了宏观经济变量对国债利率期限结构的影响。本文首先采用因子模型分析了我国的利率期限结构,并提取了水平因子和斜率因子;然后使用逐步回归法和全局筛选法,分组对各类宏观经济变量进行分析,选取了一组对收益率曲线有显著影响的宏观经济变量;最后使用多变量误差修正模型,分别分析了宏观变量对收益率曲线两个因子的影响。研究结果表明,水平因子和斜率因子对收益率曲线变动的解释力度分别为78%和14%。经济增长预期、货币市场利率水平以及新增信贷对收益率曲线变动的水平因子具有显著解释力,而货币市场利率水平和美元指数波动对收益率曲线变动的斜率因子具有显著解释力。短期内,经济增长类指标对水平因子的影响非常显著,而物价类指标对水平因子影响不显著。货币市场利率水平既是水平因子,也是斜率因子的重要影响因素。     

政府债务 、期限溢价与货币政策选择

近年来,中国政府债务迅速扩张,由此产生的影响和风险引起政府部门和学术界的广泛关注.政府债务多以长期债券形式存在,其扩张必然会对长期债券市场造成较大冲击,进而影响期限溢价.文章以期限溢价为切入点,构建DSGE模型研究了政府债务扩张对宏观经济运行的影响及机制.数值模拟结果表明,政府债务扩张导致期限溢价上升,长期利率上行,社会融资成本上升,投资活动被挤出,产出减少.文章进一步研究了政府债务扩张下的货币政策选择问题,发现盯住期限溢价的货币政策可以减少政府债务扩张所导致的扭曲,提高社会福利.文章的研究为理解政府债务问题提供了一个新的视角,也为政府减少其债务扩张所导致的扭曲提供了一种可行的方法.     

基于预期理论的利率期限结构动态性实证研究

本文基于预期理论,应用线性和非线性误差修正模型,对我国利率期限结构的动态过程进行研究。研究结果表明,我国长、短期的利率之间存在显著协整关系,符合预期理论所描述的利率期限结构动态规律;利率期限结构的长期变化趋势与短期动态特点受到预期理论所刻画规律的显著影响;利率期限结构的变化还存在非线性特征。因此,基于预期理论的利率期限结构动态研究,是研究利率期限结构中经济信息的重要途径之一。     

国债利率期限结构的动态变化规律研究——基于Nelson-Siegel曲线的动态建模

本文首先利用我国国债交易价格数据估计了Nelson-Siegel曲线的参数序列,研究发现,Nelson-Siegel曲线的3个参数序列代表了影响期限结构曲线风险变动的长期、斜率和曲率因素.进一步的,在对Nelson-Siegel曲线的参数序列动态建模的基础土,实现了利率期限结构曲线整体的动态变化规律的研究.通过同其他基于短期利率期限结构曲线模型的样本外预测精度比较研究发现,本文提出的方法在预测精度和稳定性上具有显著的优势,能够更好地从整体上拟合我国国债利率期限结构曲线的动态变化规律,该研究可以为债券组合的定价,投资和风险管理策略制定,以及宏观经济政策的前瞻性制定提供可靠的理论及实证依据.     

利率期限结构的宏观经济预测作用

本文对中国利率期限结构的宏观经济预测作用进行了检验。结果表明国债即期收益率长短期名义利差对GDP、工业增加值等宏观经济变量具有良好的预测作用。在考虑货币政策因素后,利率期限结构包含了未来两年左右的经济增长的信息。对宏观经济的预测效果要远远好于PMI等传统经济景气和经济预期调查指标．说明利率期限结构的宏观经济预测作用是非常稳健可靠的。利率期限结构是良好的宏观经济指示器．对准确判断经济走势,把握政策方向和节奏．具有非常重要的意义。     

Do long-term interest rates drive GDP and inflation in small open economies? Evidence from Poland

This article investigates the impact of long-term interest rates on macroeconomic variables in a small open economy. It shows that the time-varying term premium stabilizes GDP without affecting significantly inflation volatility in Poland – a typical open economy with flexible exchange rate. This conclusion is drawn from an estimated dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model in which segmented asset markets and imperfect asset substitutability give rise to the time-varying term premium in the long-term interest rate. Furthermore, the impulse response analysis of the model reveals that the term premium stabilizes GDP when the small economy is hit by shocks that are absent in closed economy models (country risk premium and export preference) which points to the different impact of the term premium on relatively close (large) and open (small) economies.     

State prices,liquidity, and default

We show, in a monetary exchange economy, that asset prices in a complete markets general equilibrium are a function of the supply of liquidity by the Central Bank, through its effect on default and interest rates. Two agents trade goods and nominal assets to smooth consumption across periods and future states, in the presence of cash-in-advance financing costs that have effects on real allocations. We show that higher spot interest rates reduce trade and as a result increase state prices. Hence, states of nature with higher interest rates are also states of nature with higher risk-neutral probabilities. This result, which cannot be found in a Lucas-type representative agent model, implies that the yield curve is upward sloping in equilibrium, even when short-term interest rates are fairly stable and the variance of the (macroeconomic) stochastic discount factor is 0. The risk-premium in the term structure is, therefore, a monetary-cost risk premium.     

Risk premium,macroeconomic shocks,and information technology: an empirical analysis

This study empirically identifies the impact of various macroeconomic factors on the default risk premium. Using monthly data for the period 1970–2010 for the US, our estimations indicate that the monetary policy aggregates, risk-free interest rate, term structure of interest rates, inflation, and the state of the business cycle influence the risk premium. The results also provide some evidence in support of the hypothesis that the development of information technology has had a decreasing impact on the risk premium. As expected, various financial crises have had substantial and long-lasting effects on the premium. The results suggest that the direct impact of the subprime crisis and Lehman’s collapse on the risk premium was as large as two and a half percentage-points for a sustainable period. Foreign financial crises, in turn, have lowered the risk premium in the US market, suggesting a flight-to-safety phenomenon.     

Inflation and real short-term interest rates - A Kalman filter analysis of the term structure

This paper applies the Kalman filter technique to look at the relationship among real interest rates, inflation, and the term structure of interest rate under the expectations hypothesis. Using quarterly data from 1960:1 to 1991:1 for inflation, three month nominal short term interest rates and long term yields with maturities from one to five years, this paper finds that the expectations hypothesis of the term structure holds up well for the data under the assumptions of a time-varying premium and a random-walk real interest rate. In other words, a reconciliation of the expectations hypothesis with the data is attained by assuming time-varying term premium and non-stationary real interest rate.     

How strong is the global integration of emerging market regions? An empirical assessment

This paper attempts to evaluate the time-varying integration of emerging markets from a regional perspective based on a conditional version of the International Capital Asset Pricing Model (ICAPM) with DCC-GARCH parameters that allows for dynamic changes in the degree of market integration, global market risk premium, regional exchange-rate risk premium, and local market risk premium. Our findings reveal several interesting facts. First, the time-varying degree of integration of four emerging regions under consideration, satisfactorily explained by the regional level of trade openness and the term premium of US interest rates, has recently tended to increase, but these markets still remain substantially segmented from the world market. Second, the local market risk premium is found to explain more than 50% of the total risk premium for emerging market returns. Finally, we show that conditional correlations usually underestimate and overstate the measure of time-varying market integration. The empirical results of this study have some important implications for both global investors and policymakers with respect to dedicated portfolio investments in emerging markets and policy adjustments.     

Regional stock market integration in Singapore: A multivariate analysis

This paper evaluates the time-varying integration of the Singapore stock market in the ASEAN-5 region based on a conditional version of the International Capital Asset Pricing Model (ICAPM) with c-DCC-FIAPARCH parameters. This model allows for dynamic changes in the degree of market integration, regional market risk premium, regional exchange-rate risk premium, and domestic market risk premium. Our findings show several interesting facts. First, the time-varying degree of integration in the Singapore market is satisfactorily explained by the level of trade openness and the term premium of US interest rates, which have recently tended to increase, however these markets remain substantially segmented from the world market. Second, the local market risk premium is found to explain a significant proportion of the total risk premium for emerging market returns. Our findings illustrate several important implications for portfolio hedgers for making optimal portfolio allocations, engaging in risk management and forecasting future volatility in equity markets. Our results are also of interest for both policymakers and investors, with respect to regional development policies and dedicated portfolio investment strategies in the ASEAN-5 region.     

The expectations theory of the term structure: Evidence from inflation forecasts

This paper tests the joint hypothesis of rational expectations and the expectations theory of the term structure using the Livingston survey data on price inflation forecasts. For a variety of sample periods, the paper presents evidence that the data are consistent with the theory. Since inflation forecasts, unlike interest rates, are not linked to specific underlying financial assets, the relationship between longterm and short-term inflation forecasts should not embody risk premia. This paper's findings therefore lend support to the view that a time-varying risk premium is needed to explain the observed term structure of interest rates.     

中国债券市场的可预测性和分割性研究*

本文研究了中国债券市场综合收益、长短期债券收益差异、银行间市场和交易所市场收益差异的样本内和样本外可预测性。本文选取宏观、中观（市场）、微观3个层面27个变量以及利用主成分分析法生成6个主成分变量作为预测变量，发现中国债券市场综合收益率在剥离了特殊品种债券之后具有一定的样本内和样本外可预测性。基于主成分提取的预测变量的预测能力更强，部分宏观经济指标和市场层面指标都可以预测债市风险溢价。基于27个指标提取的第一主成分对期限溢价、场所溢价在样本内均有较强的预测能力，而样本外可预测性较差。本文结论表明，我国债券市场容易受到宏观经济影响，银行间市场和交易所市场在市场功能上并没有很大的差异，两个市场的分割随着债券市场的波动而加剧。     

The expectations hypothesis of the term structure of interest rates and monetary policy: some evidence from Asian countries

This article outlines a panel data approach to modelling the term structure of interest rates in the short and in the long run. We find robust evidence supporting the expectations hypothesis of the term structure (EHTS) for a small sample of Asian emerging markets. Furthermore, we detect some relevant differences in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy, and the existence of a McCallum (2005) rule (no exogeneity of monetary policy to the yield curve) in some countries. Finally, we document the influence of an international global factor (i.e. a time-varying global risk premium) on the yield curve, while local country-specific factors are not statistically significant.     

Evaluating the risk premium in the U.S.A. natural gas market: evidence from low-price regime

In recent years, the U.S.A. natural gas market has seen enormous changes. The expectations of abundant supply of shale gas and the slow U.S.A. economic recovery have pushed gas prices below US$ 4 MMBtu. Although shale gas is a new promising source of unconventional energy, investors face uncertain investment plans. In this study, we investigate the risk premium by comparing behaviour before and after the change point in agents risk perception. Unlike traditional empirical research on risk premium, we use the parametric, two-factor model of Schwartz and Smith (2000) to evaluate the implied risk premium term structure from futures prices traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX). We compare our findings with other empirical results and find that the change point lies at the beginning of the low-price regime. When we compare periods before and after the change point, we observe that the risk premium changed, not only in sign, but also in magnitude.