网络经济学视角下的私人货币

货币是一种典型的网络产品。在直接网络外部性作用下,货币的演化具有标准化和统一化的趋势。但是,人们对支付工具的需求是差异化的,货币发行可以给发行者带来多种收益,因此市场上始终存在着私人货币生存的空间。电子私人货币的兴起是技术进步引发的金融创新,它对交易效率的提高是有益的,但私人货币不会威胁到法币的垄断地位。     

Banking theories and macroeconomics

Mainstream models that allow for financial operations are characterized by the understanding of banks as intermediaries of outside money (IOM). This approach to banks became dominant thanks to a peculiar rhetorical device by Tobin (1963 Tobin, J. 1963. “Commercial Banks as Creators of ‘Money’.”Paper 205. New Haven, CT: Cowles Foundation. [Google Scholar]). In recent years, however, this understanding is being increasingly questioned and an old view of banks as originators of inside money (OIM) is being reconsidered. The present article highlights the fundamental differences of these alternative doctrines from a money supply perspective and provides a simple theoretical argument to consider the limits of a point of view à la Tobin and regard the OIM banking theory more general than the IOM theory.     

货币运动与金融危机:马克思的警告

众多学者从不同的角度探讨了金融危机的成因、进程和解决办法. 在马克思货币理论的视角下,金融危机孕育于资本化的货币运动中,是商品经济发展到一定阶段,在信用发达条件下因金融资本家的疯狂投机行为使货币游离于商品之外而产生的一种危机现象. 金融危机的背后是缺乏规制的金融过度创新. 基于这一理解,我们考察当前国际金融危机的原因与本质,并得出若干结论与启示.     

Empirical analysis on China money multiplier

The paper firstly represents two kind statements of China money multipliers and theoretically analyzes the relationship between each structure factor and China money multiplier. Secondly, it summarizes the several features and the move trends of China narrow and broad money multipliers and their structure factors. Thirdly, the paper empirically analyzes how and what degree the each structure factor affects China narrow and broad money multipliers holding everything else constant. At last two important conclusions are got, that is, the required reserve ratio is the most associated with China money multipliers and the saving deposit ratio is more associated with that, the required reserve ratio and the interest rates can be used as the ways of affecting money aggregate by the People＇s Bank of China.     

货币供给量作为货币政策中介目标适应牲研究

文章围绕货币政策中介目标的可测性、可控性和相关性特征，系统地对货币供应量作为货币政策中介目标的有效性进行模型分析和数据检验。研究结果表明：货币供给的内生性增强，货币供给的可控性降低；短期货币需求和货币流通速度不稳定，货币供给的可测性较差。但是，货币供给量与GDP和物价之间的相关性较好。     

货币供给量作为货币政策中介目标适应性研究

文章围绕货币政策中介目标的可测性、可控性和相关性特征,系统地对货币供应量作为货币政策中介目标的有效性进行模型分析和数据检验。研究结果表明:货币供给的内生性增强,货币供给的可控性降低;短期货币需求和货币流通速度不稳定,货币供给的可测性较差。但是,货币供给量与GDP和物价之间的相关性较好。     

Why does the velocity of money move pro‐cyclically?

The velocity of money usually rises in expansions and falls in recessions This paper explains this pro‐cyclical movement of velocity using two ideas: (i) during business cycles the movement of investment and consumption of durable goods has a larger amplitude than consumption of non‐durable goods and services; (ii) the velocity associated with expenditure on investment and durable goods is much higher than the velocity associated with consumption of non‐durable goods and services, because the former expenditures are synchronized with the attainment of money by economic agents whereas the latter are not. In this setting, the rise in the weight of expenditure in durable goods relative to the weight of non‐durable goods and services, which occurs during expansions, generates an increase in the average velocity of circulation. The opposite happens during recessions and thus velocity moves pro‐cyclically.     

电子货币的替代效应与交易性货币供给:基于中国数据的实证分析

电子货币的产生与发展已经给传统的货币金融理论带来了前所未有的挑战.以电子货币为视角,通过对电子货币与交易性货币供给的相关性进行统计检验,结果表明: (1)电子货币对交易性货币有着明显的替代效应,它不仅改变了货币供给结构,而且给传统货币层次划分方法带来了新的挑战; (2)电子货币对传统货币的替代有着明显的阶段性特征; (3)电子货币的存在削弱了中央银行对基础货币的控制能力,弱化了货币供应量作为货币政策中介目标的效果,从而影响了货币政策的有效性.     

Determinates of the decline in the income-velocity of money in China: a new perspective

The income velocity of money in China has been declining since the country’s reform. By studying the money demand behavior in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, we found that the marginal propensity to money demand is much higher in the non-agricultural sector. This implies that as the share of the agricultural sector in national income declines, monetary expansion is expected to meet not only the needs of income growth, but also the rapid structural shifts in the sectoral composition of income. Hence, non-inflationary monetary expansion is possible as development proceeds. This provides a new perspective in understanding the decline in the income-velocity of money in China. __________ Translated from Social Sciences in China (中国社会科学), 2005,(4) (in Chinese)     

动量货币与传统货币指标的理论与经验分析

简单加总的货币指标早已受到理论和实践的挑战,而主流国家的各种改革方案均没有取得成功.其原因是西方学者偏重货币的资产功能,忽视到货币的交易功能,对货币的基本认识存在偏差.宇宙中不存在绝对静止的事物,货币的本性是运动.物理学的动量定理与经济学的交易方程式可以进行类比.笔者尝试建立了动量货币的指标,初步的经验分析结果富有启发意义.货币的重要性依赖于它的数量和速度.西方学者排斥货币的真实速度,宏观经济学的基本结构存在重大缺陷.     

内生货币体系下房价波动对货币供求的冲击

在内生货币体系下,房价上涨导致我国内生货币扩张的途径主要有两条:一是基于房地产抵押信贷需求膨胀引致的商业银行内生货币供给的扩张;二是被房价持续上涨及人民币升值预期所吸引的外汇流入导致央行大量基础货币的被动投放。这样会对货币供应量目标有效性带来影响。因此应将房地产市场监测数据列入当前货币供应量调控的参照指标。     

Some further evidence on the long-run neutrality of money

A recently developed reduced-form test for long-run neutrality is applied to twentieth-century Australian data on real output and the nominal money stock. The results show that narrowly defined money is neutral. However, real output is not invariant in the long run to a broader-based measure of the money stock.     

再论货币核心论

古往今来的经济学家都认为货币认为货币的基本理论问题是货币的本质和职能，作提出是货币的本质、职能和数量三个，而不是两个，而且货币数量是核心。阐述了货币数量与本质、职能的关系，货币数量的对立面，货币在质上的无限的，在量上是有限的。货币数量是市场经济中的核心，社会问题中的焦点，观念、道德、伦理的标准，提出了货币数量的能量、魅力、幻觉。货币数量的增减变化是量变到部分质变到质变，货币总量及其分解，对最适货币量性质的分析。     

中国货币迷失的演化及经验证据

根据货币迷失假说,构建中国货币迷失的演化模型,运用中国1990-2004年的统计数据在模型中实证分析中国货币迷失的演化轨迹。分析表明,今后可预期的一段时间内,中国的货币迷失率将逐步走低。     

Rethinking liquidity creation: Banks,shadow banks and the elasticity of finance

In this article, the authors use the concept of the hierarchy of money found in the works of Minsky (2008 Minsky, H. [1986]2008. Stabilizing an Unstable Economy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. [Google Scholar][1986]), Foley (1987 Foley, D. 1987. “Money in Economic Activity.” In The New Palgrave: Money, edited by J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, and P. Newman, 519–525. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), Wray (1990 Wray, L. R. 1990. Money and Credit in Capitalist Economies: The Endogenous Money Approach. Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar. [Google Scholar]), and Bell (2001 Bell, S. 2001. “The Role of the State and the Hierarchy of Money.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 25 (2):149–63.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) to analyze the process of liquidity creation in modern capitalist economies where shadow banks play an active role. They abandon the narrow focus on banks as the creators of money as well as the idea that nonbank financial institutions are mere intermediaries between savers and borrowers. Instead, the authors demonstrate that, similar to banks, nonbank financial institutions and foreign banks (through their cross-border activities) create liquidity endogenously by leveraging over the liabilities of entities hierarchically above them. The authors further elucidate Kregel’s concept of “fictitious” liquidity in the context of the hierarchy of financial liabilities, distinguishing it from “true” liquidity. By bringing shadow banks and the euro-currency markets into to the pyramid of financial liabilities, they develop a more complete framework of liquidity creation in modern capitalist economies. Their “extended” pyramid is useful for analyzing not only the fragility that may arise from the interactions between firms, households and banks, but also that which may originate through the interactions between banks, shadow banks and foreign banks.     

对我国《反洗钱法》构建的几点建议

洗钱犯罪的日趋猖獗使得世界各个国家和地区纷纷通过立法等各种措施对其加以控制和打击。虽然我国的反洗钱法律体系正在不断的成熟和完善,但缺乏一部独立的《反洗钱法》,这给我国的反洗钱工作带来了极大的不便。因此,应根据我国的实际情况,尽快提出我国《反洗钱法》的构建措施,以此作为完善我国反洗钱立法的选择和切入点。     

On Income Velocity of Money,Precautionary Money Demand and Growth

A stochastic growth model with money introduced via a cash-in-advance constraint is used to analyze the behavior of the income velocity of real monetary balances and money demand. Agents can purchase consumption goods only using government issued money. The cash-in-advance constraint may become nonbinding because of the uncertainty about the realization of the state of the economy. We find that the precautionary money demand may introduce significant changes into the volatility of the income velocity if it happens almost always. Its presence can also alter the relationship between the average growth rate of money supply and the average growth rate of the economy.     

A monetary economy with counterfeiting

We apply a search-theoretic model of fiat money to study the equilibria in which counterfeit money is accepted. Circulation of counterfeit money presupposes that the agents are impatient and that the punishment for holding it is not too severe. When the stock of genuine money is small counterfeit money may improve the efficiency of the economy. We establish that a monetary economy can be created with private provision of (counterfeit) money as long as the ruler has control over punishments. Totally noncooperative provision will fail as the economy will become flooded with money.     

A Thoroughly Embodied Economics: A Review of Personalist Economics by Edward J. O'Boyle

In a debate on the future of monetary policy and the displacement of money, Woodford argued that, even if innovations should lead to a situation in which the banks' demand for reserves at the central bank is zero, the central bank can still influence the economy's interest rates because its liability is the economy's unit of account. This paper deals with these topics by considering the implications of emphasizing the function of money as unit of account. In the analysis of money from this perspective, social, institutional and economic factors play a crucial role. Money is a social and historical relation. Therefore, the displacement of money and central banks, though possible, is a complex process involving economic, social and political factors, not merely the result of innovations. The paper also looks at some aspects of Kaldor's theory, which is centered on the fundamental importance of money as unit of account.     

Direct effects of money on aggregate demand: another look at the evidence

Now that a number of central banks are faced with short-term nominal interest rates close to or at the zero lower bound, there is a renewed interest in the long-running debate about whether or not changes in the stock of money have direct effects. In particular, do changes in money have additional effects on aggregate demand outside of those induced by changes in short-term nominal interest rates? This article revisits and reinterprets the empirical evidence based on single equation regressions which is quite mixed, with some results supporting and other results denying the existence of direct effects. We use a structural model with no direct effects of money to show that the finding of positive and statistically significant coefficients on real money growth can be misleading. The model generates data that, when used to estimate analogues of the empirical regressions, produce positive and statistically significant coefficients on real money growth, similar to those often found when using actual data. The problem is that single equation regressions leave out a set of variables, which in turn, give rise to an omitted variables bias in the estimated coefficients on real money growth. Hence, they are an unreliable guide to calibrate monetary policies, in general, including at the zero lower bound.