外部机会、土地制度与长期投资

部分经济学家坚持认为,中国现行的农村土地管理制度妨碍了农户的长期投资,应为20世纪80年代中期以来农业生产的停滞负责。不过,已有的实证研究并不完全支持这种看法。事实上,长期投资与土地地权稳定性之间的关系非常复杂,本文通过一个博弈模型分析了不同情况下土地制度与农户长期投资之间的关系。我们的分析表明,土地调整制度并不必然妨碍农户的长期投资,尤其是当不存在外部机会时,土地调整制度与土地私有制度对农户长期投资的影响是相同的。     

劳动力迁移、土地流转与农户长期投资

本文分析了劳动力外出周期对农户长期投资的影响,发展了一个存在完整的土地产权和完善的土地流转市场时的农户长期投资模型,分析说明,农户的长期投资依然少于社会最优。并且,农村劳动力外出的周期越明显,农户长期投资越少。因此,解决农户长期投资减少的一个重要举措是提高农户外出的稳定性,使得农户能够永久性的获得城市工作和身份以及相应的社会福利。     

农村土地流转会导致农户收入差距扩大吗?——以浙江省杭州市为例

农村土地流转有利于提高资源配置效率,推动农民增收,但也可能导致农户收入分化。因此,通过微观调研数据,采用多元线性回归模型研究了土地流转对农户收入差距的影响。研究结果表明:取虚拟变量(lcdum1)为自变量的时候,土地流转会导致农户收入下降;取定量变量(landc)为自变量的时候,土地流转对农户家庭的收入有一定的影响,但是影响程度较弱,没有导致农户间收入差距变大。     

农地流转对土地使用权分配的影响研究

本文利用2006年中国综合社会调查问卷中的农户数据分析了农地流转对土地使用权分配的影响。通过计算农地流转前后的土地分配基尼系数,测度了农地流转影响土地使用权分配的结果,研究显示:农地流转促进了土地使用权的集中,但集中的速度并不快,各区域之间存在差异。在市场化农地流转中,土地较少而又贫穷的农民缺乏能力和优势转入土地,导致土地使用权集中。农地流转难以解决公平问题,农民获取土地仍然主要依靠村组集体的初次分配和二次调整。在符合农民认同、规则明确稳定的条件下,村组内部的土地调整能做到公平与效率相容。因此,村庄集体需要积极培育民主、发展农民自治组织;基层政府需要抑制自己调整土地的冲动,同时在一定程度上认同、支持和监督村组内部的土地调整。     

中国农村耕地调整频率及变化趋势——一项来自全国五个省的实证调查报告

土地是农业生产和发展的基础,土地频繁调整可能导致农民对土地长期投资不足,土地生产能力下降。基于此,文章利用全国5个省的实地调研资料,对农村中耕地调整的时间和频率、土地调整的权限和范围以及土地纠纷发生的频率和类型进行描述分析,以为进一步稳定土地产权规模提供基本信息,同时为决策者加强土地管理提供政策依据。     

从性别视角看中国农村土地调整中的公平问题——对全国1199个农户和2459个村的实证调查

以联产承包责任制为核心的新一轮土地承包期延长和土地承包法的实施,对保护农民土地产权的稳定性和促进长期投资有积极作用。但以户为单位的土地承包使得在土地流转和调整中部分人群的利益得不到保障。本文利用两套农村调查资料分析后得知:妇女由于婚姻关系导致不能马上获得土地的现象很普遍,大部分新婚妇女要等到下一轮土地调整时才能获得地。本文建议政府要采取相应的具体措施,例如提高公众、特别是妇女和乡村干部对保障妇女土地权的重要性的认识,确保人口流动和土地资源转移用途过程中妇女的合法土地权益得到保障。     

论农村集体经济组织土地规模化经营——以黑龙江省克东县宝泉镇为例

家庭承包经营的土地是由大大小小的地块构成，这种小规模经营方式无法分散技术成本，农户使用技术对提高产量和经济效益的意义不大，因而农户使用技术的动力不足，阻碍了农业科技的运用和推广，并导致农产品商品率低、农民成本观念淡薄，农业的比较效益低下，农民的种田积极性受到严重影响。实行土地规模经营，能够在一定程度上克服家庭承包经营的弊端，有利于农业科技的使用和推广，从而提高农业生产效率，增加农民的收入。     

农村土地制度的前瞻后顾

<正> 土地制度是农村最基本的经济制度之一。土地制度的变革,是历次农村重大经济社会变革的基础与核心。取得举世瞩目成果的农村改革,正是通过普遍实行家庭联产承包制,实现了土地所有权与使用权的分离,从而使农民的生产积极性得到了充分发挥,土地的产出率有了很大提高。但随着农村经济向市场经济的转轨,土地管理和使用中的一些矛盾也逐渐显现。突出的问题有:(1) 土地所有权在实践中的模糊化,导致对土地的管理不力。耕地被随意占用,土地肥力受损,水利设施老化现象十分普遍;(2) 农户通过家庭承包获得的土地经营使用权尚不稳定,承包的时效性还缺乏制度保证,因此农民对耕地缺乏长期投资的热情;(3) 部分地方土地的经营规模细碎狭小,妨碍农业生产新技术的推广和土地产出     

土地经营权对土地股份合作社的融资影响

在“三权分置”背景下,从土地经营权融资的角度出发,研究了土地股份合作社如何突破资金发展瓶颈,解决发展过程中存在的资本要素难点.研究发现,“三权分置”对土地股份合作社的影响机制分为“明晰农民土地产权——提升农户与金融机构对土地的双向预期——实现土地股份合作社抵押土地经营权贷款——优化农村生产要素、资本要素、劳动力要素等多种要素配置”四步.     

农户土地转出意愿影响因素分析——以浙江省农业园为例

为探寻土地流转的新模式,从农户的基本特征、农户对农业园区建设预期评价、农户土地转让的条件与顾虑三个层面分析浙江农业园建设背景下农户土地转出意愿及各影响因素的影响程度。研究发现,影响较大的因素有承包经营权调整的心理预期、农业园建成后产量及农村社会风气预期、非农收入、担心失去土地等;影响大的因素包括户主年龄、园区讲信用、担心失去来源、政策不稳定等。在此基础上,提出要保护农民的土地使用权,切实保护农民的利益,同时加大农业园建设的宣传,增加农民对农业园的认识等政策建议。     

Land tenure and investment incentives: Evidence from West Africa

The existing literature on the relationship between property rights in land and agricultural investment in Africa has given results that are often confusing and contradictory. I make two clarifying contributions to this literature. First, I pull together existing studies and investigate whether the results they find have been affected by research methods or local contexts. Studies with small sample sizes, those that use binary investment measures, and those that control for household fixed effects are less likely to find a statistically significant link between land tenure and investment. Self-reported tenure security has been a poor predictor of investment outcomes. Second, I test for a relationship between land tenure and agricultural investment in nine data sets from West Africa. While the link between tenure and investment is significant for fallow and tree planting, it is less robust for labor use and other inputs, such as manure or chemical fertilizer.     

Tenure security and land-related investment: Evidence from Ethiopia

We use a large data set from Ethiopia that differentiates tenure security and transferability to explore determinants of different types of land-related investment and its possible impact on productivity. While we find some support for endogeneity of investment in trees, this is not the case for terraces. Transfer rights are unambiguously investment-enhancing. The large productivity effect of terracing implies that, even where households undertake investments to increase their tenure security, the level of such investment may be below the social optimum. In Ethiopia, government action to increase tenure security and transferability of land rights can significantly enhance rural investment and productivity.     

城市化、农地制度与迁移人口社会保障——一个转轨中发展的大国视角与政策选择

城市化过程中的流动人口,农村内部农地调整以及农用土地非农化问题是现阶段中国转轨与经济发展过程中面临的重大问题。这三方面问题具有非常紧密的关联,需要一个整体思路来进行分析,更需要在此基础上给出系统、具操作性的解决方案。本文在对这些问题及其政策关联性进行剖析的基础上,揭示了中国户籍制度与农地制度改革在一个大国的转轨与经济发展过程中的特殊性,并提出一个政策组合,试图在改革现有土地征用制度的同时,通过给予农民在土地和城镇社会保障之间的自由选择权建立起一种良性的城市化机制,从而实现户籍制度和农地制度改革的突破。     

Land tenure differences and investment in land improvement measures: Theoretical and empirical analyses

This article develops a theoretical framework to examine the relationship between land tenure arrangements and households' investment in soil-improving and conservation measures. It then analyzes this relationship with a multivariate probit model based on detailed plot-level data from villages in the Brong Ahafo region of Ghana. A major hypothesis tested is that investment in productivity-enhancing and conservation techniques are influenced by land tenure arrangements. The theoretical analysis and empirical results generally reveal that land tenure differences significantly influence farmers' decisions to invest in land-improving and conservation measures. The findings also show that tenure security does affect farm productivity.     

我国稳定粮食价格长效机制构建研究

文章论述了我国稳定粮食价格的数量界定,即年度间波动不超过5%;一年中波动不能超过50%。并重点阐释了我国粮食价格稳定长效机制的构建,主要有:坚持18亿亩耕地红线,大搞农业基础设施建设,加大粮食科技投入,加快发展农业生产合作社,继续完善粮食最低收购价格政策,控制农业生产资料价格,完善我国粮食生产补赔政策,完善我国粮食储备制度,创新粮食保险制度,强化粮食风险调节基金等。     

Analysis of the impact of agricultural R&D investment on food security

This article investigates how agricultural R&D investment affects the food self-sufficiency ratio (SSR). Several studies have argued a causal relationship between agricultural R&D investment and food security. However, most of these studies are based on conceptual logic and few studies have conducted an empirical analysis. This study verifies whether agricultural R&D investment affects the food SSR as a representative indicator of food security. A total of 822 data sets of 41 countries have been used in the analysis in this study and include developed and developing country data over the period 1981–2009. Food self-efficiency is used as a dependent variable, and agricultural R&D investment and other variables are used as explanatory variables. The estimation results show that, first, the cereal SSR and income are in an inverted U-shaped relationship. Second, increases in land productivity increase the cereal SSR and, lastly, the cereal SSR ratio and agricultural R&D investment are in a U-shaped relationship.     

Land conservation and tenure security in Kenya: Boserup's hypothesis revisited

Land conservation technologies used by farmers are known to play an important role in improving farm incomes and household welfare in the long run. For this reason substantial investments have been made in research to improve agricultural technologies in various parts of the world, from the development of new crop varieties to new practices of land management. This paper explores the impact of land rights among other factors on adoption of soil and water conservation practices. The study further tests for Boserup's hypothesis (correlation between population density, land conservation and property rights) using panel survey data collected from farming households. The key findings of the paper are that property right regimes and population density affect both the decision to conserve land as well as the type of conservation practices used by farmers. The results further suggest a positive correlation between land tenure security and population density, thus supporting Boserup's hypothesis. The findings call for pursuit of both short-term and long-term policy measures that offer incentives for land conservation through government initiatives and participation of local communities.     

建立河北省农业生态安全预警机制的理论探讨

目前,河北省农业生态系统整体呈不断恶化趋势,已成为影响建立农业强省的重要问题。为此,建立生态安全预警机制是必要而紧迫的。本文依据农业生态学原理、环境库兹涅兹曲线与生态安全耦合原理建立了农业生态安全的理论基础,并从观念、技术、政府作用与公众参与以及生态产权和资金投入方面进行了障碍性因素分析,最后提出了相应的对策措施。     

Insecurity of property rights and social matching in the tenancy market

This paper shows that insecurity of property rights over agricultural land can have large efficiency and equity costs because of the way it affects matching in the tenancy market. A principal-agent framework is used to model the landlord's decision to rent when he takes into account the risk of losing the land to the tenant and when contract enforcement is decreasing in social distance with the tenant. These effects are quantified for the case of local land rental markets in the Dominican Republic. Results show that insecure property rights lead to matching in the tenancy market along socio-economic lines, severely limiting the size of the rental market and the choice of tenants for landlords, both with efficiency costs. Social segmentation reduces access to land for the rural poor, with high equity costs. Simulations suggest that improving tenure security would increase rental transactions by 21% and the area rented to the poor by 63%. Increased property rights security is hence beneficial not only to asset owners, but also to those with whom they might interact in the market.     

西南地区农村投资水平和农地利用效率对农民农业收入影响分析——以重庆市为例

农民农业增收是一项系统工程,运用多种计量经济分析模型,探讨农村投资水平、农地利用效率对农民农业收入的影响。结果表明:长期来看,农村投资水平、农地综合效率、农地纯技术效率、农地规模效率与农民农业收入存在稳定的正向均衡关系,其中,农地综合效率的贡献度远高于农村投资水平,农地规模效率的贡献度高于农地纯技术效率;短期内,农村投资水平对收入的调整为正向,农地纯技术效率对收入的调整先负后正,农地规模效率对收入的调整先正后负。长期来看,加大农村投资力度,提高农地综合效率、技术效率及规模效率均有利于促进农业收入增长,但关键是要提高农地规模效率。短期内,加大农村投资力度同样有利于农业收入增长,而提高农地纯技术效率则使农业收入增长先降后升,在规模报酬递减范围内的农地规模效率的提高,也有利于农民农业收入增长。