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1.
世界上的国家依据居民构成大体上可简单分为三类,第一类是原生国,主要居民有史以来就生息、繁衍在这块土地上,土生土长、世代相袭,如:中国、印度等;第二类是移民国,主要居民都是外来迁入,与当地没有多少传统、文化和宗教的联系,如:美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等;第三类国家是半移民国家,既有土生土长的居民,外来人口又占相当的数量,并且日益发挥愈来愈大的社会影响,以色列就属于这一类。  相似文献   

2.
一种普遍的观点认为,过多的移民享受失业救济计划,增加了政府公债。一项基于1990年收入分配调查的实证研究支持了这种观点。与美国与加拿大的研究相比,本文观察到,移民领取失业救济的概率要高于本地出生的居民,并且移民领取失业救济的额度也要高一些。 1.引言 本文是对移民利用澳大利亚社会保障的讨论之一。澳大利亚是主要移民接受国家之一,其移民计划和加拿大相似。移民组成了澳大利亚人口的22%左右,并且提供了13%多的劳动力。象澳大利亚这样一个在过去十年中经历了高失业率和大量公债的国家,必须解决这  相似文献   

3.
由于经济体制、发展阶段和文化传统的不同,国际上主要有两类公司治理结构:一类以德国、日本、韩国为代表,一类以美国、英国、法国为代表。这两种类型的基本原则都是相近的,主要包括:在所有权与管理权分离的现代企业里,接受委托管理企业的经理层必须确保股东,特别是小股东的权益;为此,必  相似文献   

4.
本文在分析工作分享理论内涵的基础上,研究了加拿大、美国、德国、英国等国家实施工作分享制的主要方法和成功经验,并比较了工作分享制在各发达国家产生的积极效果。本文认为工作分享是缓解就业压力的有效途径之一,我国实施工作分享有利于缓解就业压力,建立和谐的劳动关系,从而服务于我国和谐社会建设。  相似文献   

5.
科学数据对于国家科技创新发展和社会经济进步具有重要的战略意义。科学数据的有效管理能够提升科学数据的利用率和创新效率,促进数据共享。本文对美国、英国、德国、法国、加拿大等主要国家科学数据管理进行调研,总结各国促进数据开放和数据管理的政策法规、数据管理机构和平台的建设情况,以及各国相关人才的培养方案。最后,从政策法规、机构建设和人才培养等方面,对我国科学数据管理工作提出了一些建议。  相似文献   

6.
2013年4月,美国参议院‘八人党"正式向国会提交《2013年边境安全、经济机遇及移民现代化法案》。目前该法案已在参议院获得通过,进入众议院审议阶段。该法案重点制定了一系列吸引高技术移民和创业人才的措施,内容涉及:取消对美急需人才移民签证的配额限制,增加高级人才在移民签证中的比例,设立创业移民签证,实施绩效评分的移民签证制度,大幅提高专业技能工作签证配额等。新法案一旦获得通过实施,会对美国带来积极影响,但对我国发展会造成潜在的负面影响,因此,我们应积极跟踪发达国家的人才政策,学习其先进经验和做法。  相似文献   

7.
李海东 《经济论坛》2000,(12):14-15
根据各种金融机构业务范围的划分情况,可将世界金融管理体制划分为两大类:一类为混合经营,即允许银行从事广泛的金融业务,并且不把证券投资业务、保险业务与信贷业务分离开来,其中许多银行几乎可以从事一切金融业务。德国、法国、瑞典、卢森堡等欧洲大陆国家基本上是混合银行经营体制。另一类为分业经营,即把信贷业务和证券、保险等其他金融业务分离开来,银行只能从事信贷业务等其他银行业务,不得从事证券投资业务。美国、英国、日本、加拿大等国过去基本上实行分业经营体制,不过日本、加拿大等国已逐步转向了混合经营体制,美国也…  相似文献   

8.
程瑶 《经济论坛》2004,(17):89-90
从目前国际上已经开征物业税的国家和地区的情况来看,物业税的计税依据可以分为两类,一类是对物业本身的价值课税,即对物业税本身的价值定期进行评估后,用评估的价值乘以税率,计算出应纳税额,如:美国、加拿大等国家。另一类是对由物业取得的实际收益征税,如我国的香港和澳门特别行政区。以香港为例,香港的物业税是以应评税净值作为计税基础,以标准税率计算,计税公式如下:  相似文献   

9.
加拿大总审计长办公室的审计专家与加拿大布朗森咨询集团的咨询专家合作,通过对加拿大阿尔伯特省研究理事会、美国阿贡国家实验室、美国陆军研究实验室、美国环保署研究开发局、美国戈达德航天飞行中心、加拿大默克·福罗斯特制药公司、美国国家标准和技术研究院、加拿大北方电信网络公司等8家研究型组织的高层领导进行的调查,得出了优秀研究型组织应当具备的4类10大特征,认为这些特征是最重要的、可观察的和可测度的。第一类特征:人员1.领导者明白,为了实现本单位的使命,需要什么样的科研人才和其他人才,并努力招聘、培养和留…  相似文献   

10.
民主化比较研究:一些广泛的和局部性的结论   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
民主化的比较研究已经产生了两类普遍结论:一类几乎一般的适用,一类则仅适用于一定地区内的某些国家。第一类包括良好的经济发展在保证民主持续稳定发展中的作用、政治精英在建立和毁掉民主制度中的重要作用、法治和国家能力对新生民主的质量和巩固发展的重要性等等。第二类是前东欧社会主义国家与拉丁美洲和南欧的民主化的对比:例如民主化与经济转型的关系、从过去的政治经济体制快速或缓慢转型对于巩固新生民主制度的利与弊等。这两类结论对比较政治学者有两个方法论上的启示:一是怎样理解理论的普遍性,二是如何衡量事件的长期性的和直接性的原因哪个更重要。  相似文献   

11.
This paper provides an institutionalist analysis of the impasse over labor issues that has stalled much needed reform of U.S. immigration policy. While it is unlikely that institutional economics can dislodge a century of conventional wisdom regarding the impact of immigrants on the labor market, a more modest goal is to refute the mainstream economic assertion that what the United States needs to do is to reduce the supply of immigrants, a conclusion that fuels the disgraceful "war on immigrants" that has long plagued reasonable debate over immigration policy.  相似文献   

12.
Age at immigration and educational attainment of young immigrants   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This paper investigates up to what immigration age the educational attainment of young immigrants in the Netherlands is similar to the educational attainment of second-generation immigrants. The borderline immigration age appears to depend on gender and country of origin.  相似文献   

13.
In many countries laws are not enforced against visibly present illegal immigrants. The visibly present illegal immigrants also tend to be concentrated in particular sectors. We explain such permissible illegal immigration in an endogenous-policy model where selective sector-specific illegality transforms illegal immigrants from non-sectorally specialized to sector-specific factors of production. Under initial conditions where no immigrants are present, the median voter opposes immigration. When, however, a population of illegal immigrants has accumulated, ongoing illegal immigration becomes an endogenous equilibrium policy, at the same time that a majority of voters opposes legal immigration and opposes amnesty that would legalize the immigrants' presence. We also establish a basis for domestic voters preferring that illegal immigrants be employed in service rather than traded-goods sectors.  相似文献   

14.
We examine the impact of immigration policy on the employment propensity and assimilation of immigrants using a pooled cross-section of the 1994–2004 Current Population Surveys (CPS). The results are generally consistent with positive immigrant employment assimilation. A Blinder–Oaxaca style decomposition shows that the foreign-born obtain more employment primarily through human capital acquisition and changes in labour market conditions rather than higher returns to observable skills, as sometimes seen in wage studies. In addition, our analysis suggests that immigration policies may influence both labour demand and supply incentives and are associated with structural shifts in the labour market.  相似文献   

15.
We study whether and to what extent the electoral dynamics in Italy over the 1994–2008 period can be explained by the development of economic factors associated with globalization. To measure the level of exposure to globalization for local labor markets, our main unit of analysis, we use the intensity of import competition from China and the presence of immigrants. Looking at parties’ political positions and employing an estimation strategy that accounts for endogeneity and time‐invariant unobserved effects across local labor markets, we find that both immigration intensity and exposure to import competition from China have contributed positively to the electoral outcomes of far‐right parties, whereas only immigration intensity has increased the vote shares of right‐wing and traditionalist/authoritarian/nationalist parties. Some evidence, albeit not robust, shows that immigration may have also had a positive impact on far‐left parties, thus possibly further contributing toward political polarization. Moreover, electoral turnout has responded negatively to an increased presence of migrants. While the above effects seem to work through the mediation of labor markets, our results, especially those related to immigration, suggest that other mechanisms at the level of local communities are also at play.  相似文献   

16.
J. Muysken 《Applied economics》2013,45(28):4050-4059
Immigration can help to lessen the burden of ageing for the welfare states of most Western economies. To show this, we develop a decomposition framework for Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita which deals with the impact of both ageing and immigration on economic growth. Using a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) for the Netherlands during 1973 to 2009, we demonstrate the empirical relevance of some crucial interactions between elements of that decomposition. The conclusion is that even temporary immigration may help to alleviate the ageing problem through a positive long-term contribution to employment, wages and GDP per capita, as long as the immigrants are able to participate in the labour force in tandem with the native population. Unfavourable short-term effects should be avoided through a gradual phasing in of immigration policies.  相似文献   

17.
In this paper, we employ generational accounting to analyse the inter-temporal stance of Austrian public finance in 1998 as well as the inter-temporal fiscal impact of immigration to Austria. Immigrants affect inter-temporal fiscal balance in essentially two ways. Firstly, they have a demographic effect in enlarging the population (and thus the tax base) and in altering its age- (and gender-) composition. Secondly, they change the fiscal characteristics of age cohorts due to a representative immigrant exhibiting higher or lower tax and transfer payments than a representative native of the same age and gender. The overall fiscal effect of immigration is found positive, under the assumption that the age and fiscal characteristics of future immigrants resemble those of the current immigrant population in Austria. This is due to a favourable age composition and lower per capita net transfer receipts during retirement age, which compensate for lower per capita net tax payments during working age. However, immigration is not likely to achieve inter-temporal fiscal balance, even if immigration increases or migrants are screened by skill or age.  相似文献   

18.
"Implications of the quantity (number) and quality (skill) of immigration on the destination economy are analyzed, including impacts on value added, wages, quasi rents, rates of return, and the skill distribution of the native labor force. Quantity-quality trade-offs are considered for both immigrant and native workers. Medium- and long-run labor-supply responses by natives to immigrant-induced changes in wage rates are shown to have second-order effects which subtantively affect the impacts of immigrants. The impact of immigration policy depends on the quality as well as quantity of immigrants, the time horizon, and the speed of factor market adjustment."  相似文献   

19.
In 2002, Switzerland began to adopt free movement of workers with the European Union. We study the effects of the resulting immigration wave on resident workers. We focus on the level of national skill groups and propose an instrumental variable approach to address the endogeneity of immigration in this setting. Mostly relying on administrative data for the 2002–2011 period, we find that the immigration of foreign workers reduced unemployment of residents, and had limited adverse effects on their wages and employment. One reason for this is that younger residents changed to more demanding jobs as a response to the arrival of immigrants.  相似文献   

20.
This article tests the effects of sudden immigration restrictions on stock prices of firms in industries with high shares of immigrants. It estimates the abnormal returns as a function of the share of migrants by industry. To do so, one specific event – a referendum on migration policy with an unexpected outcome – that will potentially cut off Swiss listed companies from the supply of foreign labour is studied. Although operating in an industry with a high share of immigrants is associated with lower returns, the effect is not very strong, which indicates that investors seem to trust the government to leave some leeway in the implementation of the constitutional amendment that was voted on.  相似文献   

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