从宏观政策的动态不一致性说开来--谈政府信用与固定规则

一、从短期总供给曲线到菲利普斯曲线 政策的动态不一致性与通胀和自然产出率、或者是自然失业率彼此的交替关系有关。这就是著名的菲利普斯曲线，它是从短期总供给曲线推导出来的。短期总供给曲线：YF=YN α(P—P^e)，现在我们由此推导菲利普斯曲线。     

附加预期的菲利普斯曲线评析

菲尔普斯在承认传统的菲利普斯曲线短期存在的情况下在价格和工资粘性假设、自然失业率假说和适应性预期或理性预期假设的基础上对附加预期菲利普斯曲线做了更深入的研究．提出长期菲利普斯曲线存在的形式，这一成果弥补了传统菲利普斯曲线时间上的限制，改变了人们长期以来对通货膨胀和失业之间关系的传统认识，加深了人们对经济政策对经济的长期影响与短期影响关系的理解。     

关于菲利普斯曲线研究的评述

菲利普斯曲线自提出以来,就受到了凯恩斯主义经济学家的高度重视,同时也受到了反凯恩斯主义学派的反对,围绕菲利普斯曲线,凯恩斯学派和反凯恩斯学派的争论从没有停止。以弗里德曼为首的货币主义学派认为短期菲利普斯曲线有效而长期无效,理性预期学派从根本上否认了菲利普斯曲线的存在。该文系统梳理了围绕菲利普斯曲线的争论,评价了各种学派的观点,认为菲利普斯曲线只是说明通货膨胀和失业的相关性,并不意味着二者是因果关系,通货膨胀和失业的原因是不一致的。     

通货膨胀动态性质的理论阐释和实证揭示——《短期通货膨胀动态:理论和中国实证》评介

短期通货膨胀动态的性质是宏观经济学研究的核心问题之一。如何在短期宏观经济分析中挑选最重要的方程,用来描述短期通货膨胀动态的菲利普斯曲线无疑是其中之一。可以说,20世纪60年代以来宏观经济学的发展脉络同关于菲利普斯曲线的研究进展息息相关。特别是近十余年来,短期通货膨胀动态研究更是取得了重大进展。新凯恩斯主义宏观经济学将不完全竞争和价格     

菲利普斯曲线与中国货币政策目标选择

本文概述了菲利普斯曲线的演进过程及西方经济学家关于菲利普斯曲线的竞争，在此基础上对论了中国菲利普斯曲线的变化及现阶段的货币政策选择。     

宏观经济政策的考量:通胀与失业孰轻孰重——基于菲利普斯曲线的分析

本文立足于宏观经济理论中一个重要的经验工具:菲利普斯曲线曲线,既定量又定性的分析了通胀率和失业率的内在关系。我们摒弃了单纯讨论通胀和失业谁更重要这样一个片面的论题,而去尝试发掘两者的内在关系,期望能做到统筹兼顾地、全面地分析宏观经济现象。本文一共分为两个部分。第一部分:我们回顾了新凯恩斯主义的框架,并以此为基础构建了模型I,对中国的实证数据进行了实证的研究,发现在长期中公众对于前向和后向参照具有均等分配的参考,而在短期中公众对于当前政策较为敏感。第二部分:我们从定性的角度构建了模型II,将短期的三种菲利普斯曲线结合,构造了描述长期菲利普斯曲线的环形菲利普斯曲线,并且以此对我国数据做了检验和预测,发现短期基本与中国实际相符合。     

中国经济转轨时期的菲利普斯曲线

本文尝试用长期菲利普斯曲线的环形曲线模型来解释我国经济体制转轨以来的菲利普斯曲线的变动情况。探讨我国菲利普斯曲线变动的原因,分析我国菲利普斯曲线的变动与经济周期的关系。对今后一段内我国菲利普斯曲线的变动趋势作出预测,进而提出适宜的宏观经济政策思路。当然,由于众所周知的原因,我国的失业率被公认为低于真实的失业水平,但这并不影响菲利普斯曲线的总趋势。     

关于通货膨胀容忍度的分析--基于双重菲利普斯曲线

菲利普斯曲线是反映失业率和通货膨胀率之间交替取舍关系的曲线。一国为降低失业率，需要容忍一定程度的通货膨胀。菲利普斯曲线是国家制定宏观经济政策的基本理论依据。在后金融危机时代，全球经济依然低迷，主要经济体纷纷进行货币干预，我国的通胀将受到多种因素影响。因此，国家在采取宏观经济政策刺激经济增长、增加就业时，需要考虑通货膨胀的容忍度，使菲利普斯曲线不断完善，以适应我国的需要，而不是单纯将传统菲利普斯曲线作为在通胀和失业之间权衡的政策导向。     

多模态视角下的菲利普斯曲线

菲利普斯曲线帮助人们更清晰地了解失业与通货膨胀的关系。为解决人们对该曲线知识的进一步探求,本文将结合菲利普斯曲线的相关知识,研究该统计曲线的多模态性质,构建菲利普斯曲线多模态符号的分析方法,本文意在提升人们运用菲利普斯曲线解决社会科学问题的认识水平。     

菲利普斯曲线:理论与模型的动态演变与评论

菲利普斯曲线提供了把失业与通货膨胀关联起来的方程式,填补了凯恩斯理论中的通货膨胀缺口,成为凯恩斯宏观经济模型的重要组成部分。在预期方式的不同、价格调整的方法不同、货币经济等约束条件下,菲利普斯曲线产生了不同的模型形式,具体可以划分为传统的菲利普斯曲线、后顾菲利普斯曲线和新菲利普斯曲线三个阶段,并且每个阶段在不同的假设条件下又包含几种不同的曲线形式。这些形式是对原始的菲利普斯曲线模型的补充和发展,丰富了菲利普斯曲线模型,加强了模型对实际的解释能力和理论基础。同时需要注意的是,建立在西方经济假设条件下的菲利普斯曲线,在中国二元经济条件下的应用,则要做修正和补充。     

Globalization and flattening of Phillips Curve in Turkey between 1987 and 2007

In the last two decades, there have been important changes in inflation dynamics in Turkey. While average inflation rate, inflation volatility and inflation persistence declined, the prices of tradable goods have shown an increase less than prices of non-tradable goods. The aim of this paper is to inquire whether the globalization has an effect on this change and to test whether and how it affected the slope of the Phillips Curve. The findings point out that global activity did have an effect on domestic inflation rate and that Phillips Curve got flatter.     

菲利普斯曲线基本假设条件及其在中国经济条件下的适用性研究

菲利普斯曲线是基于西方发达国家经济发展历史经验而形成的一种理论假说,其成立是有特定的假设条件的,并随着假设条件的变化而不断发展.这些假设条件在我国当前历史阶段并不存在,所以菲利普斯曲线在我国是不成立的,更不能将菲利普斯曲线理论简单地运用于我国国民经济的管理之中.     

基于新凯恩斯混合菲利普斯曲线的中国货币状况指数构建及其应用

实证研究表明,我国的菲利普斯曲线是一条兼顾前瞻性和后顾性的新凯恩斯混合型菲利普斯曲线。有鉴于此,本文通过构建一个新凯恩混合斯菲利普斯曲线方程来估计中国MCI的权重。对这一新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线方程的GMM估计结果表明,中国MCI三个要素（利率、汇率和货币供应量）的权重比例为1：9.8：35.1。分析显示我们构建的MCI指数走势很好地对应了中国通货膨胀的反向运动。进一步的计量和统计分析表明,我们构建的MCI指数不但可以作为中国货币政策的信息指示器,还是一个潜在的货币政策操作目标变量,但还不足以用作诸如BT型和Ball型等形式的货币政策规则。     

Is there a natural level of capacity utilization?

Previous studies of the Phillips Curve using capacity, utilization have estimated NAIRCU to be in the neighborhood of 82%. These studies estimate NAIRCU by imposing the restriction that there is no stable long run relationship between capacity utilization and the rate of inflation. The authors of these studies test the validity of this restricted model by estimating a model of the Phillips Curve, which has no supply-side variables. However, the actual estimates of NAIRCU are derived from restricted models, which include supply side variables. This article replicates these findings and then tests the validity of the restriction using a correctly specified model. An important finding is that the restriction is not valid and therefore the models used to produce estimates of NAIRCU are misspecified. Our findings call into question the existence of a vertical long run Phillips Curve. The implications of our findings are that the FED was overly cautious in raising interest rates to slow the economy and that the policy of pursuing “full employment” is still viable. I would like to thank James Swaney, Paulette Olson and Thomas Traynor for their helpful comments and numerous suggestion on an earlier version of this paper. Any errors that remain are the sole responsibility of the author.     

THE LONG RUN PHILLIPS CURVE AND THE GOVERNMENT BUDGET CONSTRAINT

This paper considers the proposition that the long run Phillips Curve is vertical except in special cases. It argues that this proposition cannot be sustained once the implications of the government budget constraint are considered. It is then a matter for government policy choice whether the long run Phillips Curve is vertical or non-vertical, and neither case can be considered more general than the other.     

Globalization and inflation: A threshold investigation

We use a threshold methodology to investigate the importance of non-linear effects in the analysis of the inflation globalization hypothesis. Accounting for potential non-linearities in the Phillips Curve, we show that trade openness is not rejected as a threshold variable for the effects of domestic and foreign slack on inflation in many advanced economies, and we find a switch of the output gap slopes from one regime to the other that is consistent with the key predictions of the inflation globalization hypothesis. For some countries the threshold Phillips Curve model also leads to improvements in out-of-sample forecast over the linear Phillips models, especially at longer horizons. Contrary to most of the previous literature which ignores such non-linearities, our new approach provides some interesting empirical evidence supportive of the effect globalization has on a country’s inflation dynamics.     

Cost-based Phillips Curve forecasts of inflation

It is a well-established idea that prices are a function of marginal cost, yet estimating a reliable measure of marginal cost is difficult to do. Stock and Watson (1999) use the Phillips Curve to forecast inflation for a variety of existing activity variables that researchers commonly use to proxy for marginal cost. This paper uses a similar type of approach to examine the performance of a new candidate for the activity variable, which is marginal cost measured following the theoretical methodology of Bils (1987), which we find to be simple yet powerful when implemented empirically. We then use the Phillips Curve to conduct pseudo out-of-sample inflation forecasts for the US using: output, unemployment, hours, the labor share, the capacity utilization rate, and the new measure of marginal cost. For almost all cases, forecast errors are lowest in the regressions with the new marginal cost variable, indicating that this new measure is an improvement over previous attempts to proxy for marginal cost.     

中国核心通胀率与产出缺口经验分析

利用新菲利普斯曲线,本文设定包含通胀与产出的非观测成分模型估计中国的核心通胀率与产出缺口。通过卡尔曼滤波平滑推断程序,季度通胀和产出均被分解为互相独立的趋势成分和周期成分。估计结果表明,二十年来我国的潜在产出变化相对于传统HP滤波结果更为平滑,其近似呈线性增长。这意味着我国产出特征可通过简洁的趋势平稳过程来描述,而Nelson and Plosser(1982)以来普遍采用的单位根过程未必是刻画我国产出的最优模型。核心通胀率推断还表明,1998-2002年间的通货紧缩并非如物价指数下降表现的一样严重。     

Wages and prices in Europe before and after the onset of the Monetary Union

This paper investigates possible structural changes induced by the Euro on the relations among wages, prices and unemployment for the five major European economies. The dynamic adjustment and the level relations are found to be different across subperiods as well as across countries. During the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) period, there is evidence of a conventionally-sloped Phillips Curve for the four economies within the EMU, with a higher degree of homogeneity with respect to the pre-EMU period; the UK presents instead a positively-sloped Phillips Curve in the EMU period. In this latter period, deviations from reference values are found to influence unemployment for all countries, including the UK. Only for Germany and Spain, instead, we find evidence that deviations from reference values influence inflation dynamics.     

Is There a Trade-Off between COVID-19 Control and Economic Activity? Implications from the Phillips Curve Debate

In this paper, we argue that the roles of public policies concerning COVID-19 can be better understood in light of the past discussions on the Great Inflation of the 1970s and the 1980s. Like the Phillips Curve in macroeconomics, the pandemic presents a trade-off between economic activities and something undesirable, which is, in this case, infection. Like the Phillips Curve, this apparent output-infection trade-off is an elusive one and it is lost in the long run. Containing infections calls for decisive policy action. This paper shows that we could design a reaction function, which sets the level of economic activity as a function of the state of infection, in such a way that the possibility of an infection explosion would be eliminated. Our empirical analysis suggests that Tokyo, New York, and London since September 2020 do not satisfy this desirable property.