中国经济转型与货币需求

本文采用"从一般到特殊"的动态建模方法对中国经济转型过程中的货币需求函数进行了再估计,通过引入市场化进程相对指数作为衡量经济转型的制度变量考察货币需求、经济增长、通货膨胀、利率和经济转型之间的相互关系。结果发现,尽管1978—2007年间30年的改革开放使得中国的经济体制和金融体系发生了较大的转型,但通过引入适当的制度变量,仍然可以得到稳定的货币需求函数。本文建立的货币需求动态模型证实了经济体制的市场化转型无论长短期都是拉动货币需求增加的因素,通货膨胀是解释货币量的有效外生解释变量,短期内利率变量对实际货币需求影响不显著,但其确实显著地进入了长期货币需求关系。     

超额货币及其流向与通货膨胀

货币主义的代表人物弗里德曼认为,通货膨胀无论何时何地都是一种货币现象,以往的研究基本都支持货币供给过多与通货膨胀正相关的观点.但本文提出了由于货币流向不合理导致通货膨胀的假设,并解释了假设的作用过程.指出货币流向若合理,超额货币及外汇占款并不会导致通货膨胀.     

内生货币视角下通货膨胀与货币供应量关系分析

本文采用1995年以来的季度数据,运用三阶段最小二乘法(3SLS)分析内生货币视角下货币供应量与通货膨胀的关系,进一步分析货币内生性理论的"存款创造货币"论和"贷款创造存款"论,得到货币供应视角下通货膨胀的原因。实证结果显示,广义货币供给M2对通货膨胀有显著的正向影响,但是影响力度在逐渐减弱。推动货币供给余额快速上升的最主要动力来自金融机构各项存款,推动存款余额上升的主要原因是金融机构的各项贷款,故贷款余额的快速上升是货币内生视角下通胀的主要原因。     

货币冲击的动态效果

基于一个发展了的允许货币冲击存在短期真实效应的货币数量论框架,以及以此为基础的结构性向量自回归模型(SVAR)来考察货币冲击对我国一般价格水平和实际产出的动态效果的理论和经验分析结果表明,货币冲击在长期内是中性的,但对短期产出水平具有真实效应。不过,与实际冲击的作用比较起来,货币冲击对于解释我国实际变量的波动并不重要;然而,货币冲击能够解释一般价格水平变化的实质性部分。数量历史分析还显示,货币冲击能够很好地解释我国一般价格水平变化的时间轨迹以及历史上发生的通货膨胀和通货紧缩。     

货币增长是通货膨胀的主因吗

货币增长对通货膨胀的作用历来是宏观经济关注的焦点。弗里德曼通货膨胀随时随地都是一种货币现象的论断被大多数经济学家所认可,但也存在许多质疑,关于货币增长是否为通货膨胀主因的争论一直存在。本文从货币增长与通货膨胀的相关性、货币增长影响通货膨胀的动态机制、货币增长与通货膨胀关系的实证研究等方面,对国内外关于货币增长与通货膨胀相关关系的研究成果进行了归纳和评述。     

本轮通货膨胀中的货币因素——基于月度数据的检验

本文以中国2008年10月至2010年11月的月度数据为基础,通过计量分析发现广义货币供给量与通货膨胀之间存在显著的相关关系。在滞后1期和2期的情况下,广义货币供给是通货膨胀的Granger原因,而通货膨胀不是广义货币供给的Granger原因;滞后3期后,二者互为因果关系。回归分析发现,通货膨胀与广义货币供给呈显著的正相关关系,但是,广义货币供给仅能解释通货膨胀22.93%的变化。     

货币紧缩政策抑制通货膨胀的有效性研究

货币供应与通货膨胀具有长期正相关性,而实物类资产货币化和金融类资产扩容可能延缓货币政策抑制通货膨胀的有效性。货币供应和通货膨胀的相关性使调控货币、通胀成为传统的政策手段,但在通货膨胀综合了成本推动和需求拉动的情况下,货币政策的有效性在下降,而在货币供应存在信贷配给和双轨定价等制度性约束的情况下,总量意义的货币紧缩反而会提升金融成本并对短期通货膨胀起到推波助澜的作用。从逻辑上看,高货币存量决定增量紧缩将成常态,只有消除制度约束,推进利率市场化,发挥价格变量的引导作用,才能保证货币调控的有效性。     

从通货膨胀到货币供给

货币既是推动经济增长的动力,又是诱发通货膨胀的原因。文章通过对我国1985年～1999年以来的通货膨胀回顾,从理论和实证两方面论述我国货币供应量与通货膨胀的关系。     

货币扩张、经济增长与资本市场制度创新

由于技术条件的限制 ,持续利用扩张性政策或透资性财政政策促进经济增长 ,最终将会把经济带入高通货膨胀和低经济增长的状态 ,即滞胀状态。这是被西方经济理论和经济实践所证实的结论。然而本文通过对中国经济的实证分析发现 ,在中国经济中消费物价指数和货币指数 (狭义货币指数和广义货币指数 )之间存在长期均衡的稳定关系 ,这说明从长时段的角度看 ,货币是消费物价变动的主要影响因素。从短期看 ,货币增长率对通货膨胀的影响主要有两个阶段 :第一阶段是新增基础货币对通货膨胀的影响 ,这一阶段为期一年 ,影响程度是基础货币增长率的 3 2 % ;第二阶段是由新增基础货币所导致的新增广义货币对通货膨胀的影响 ,这一阶段为期两年四个月 ,影响程度是新增广义货币增长率的 2 5 3 %。只要能够持续资本市场制度的创新 ,那么在中国经济中还存在利用持续的货币扩张政策或透资性财政政策促进经济增长的空间 ,原因是资本市场制度的创新会大大减少通货膨胀的压力。     

货币供给、通货膨胀、经济增长之间关系的实证研究——基于2006～2010年数据的分析

利用我国2006年12月～2010年12的月度数据,在VAR模型的基础上,对我国货币供应、通货膨胀、经济增长之间的关系进行实证分析。研究发现,短期内通货膨胀和经济增长对货币供应量的效应相反;货币供应并不影响通货膨胀和经济增长;经济增长与通货膨胀无关,通货膨胀对经济增长具有正面效应。长期来看,通货膨胀和货币供应量之间正相关;经济增长对货币供应具有负效应,货币供给量的增加促进经济增长,证实我国存在托宾效应;经济增长和通货膨胀之间作用相反,通货膨胀损害经济增长的弗里德曼假说在我国适用。同时得出我国货币供给具有非中性和内生性特点的结论。     

中国货币供给与通货膨胀的关联性研究

关于货币供给与通货膨胀的关联性,学者们还没有形成一致的看法.理论上,货币供给与通货膨胀具有一定的关联性.通货膨胀有需求拉动型和成本推动型,在通货膨胀的原因中有“货币因素”,也有“非货币因素”.实证检验表明:中国货币供应量与物价指数不存在长期的稳定均衡关系,但货币供应量是物价指数的格兰杰原因,反之则不然.事实上,中国通货膨胀或通货膨胀压力一方面是与货币供给有关,另一方面还与结构性因素有关.因此,要实现中国经济的低通胀运行:一是实行总量均衡和结构合理的货币供给模式;二是采取更有效的货币政策;三是推进经济结构调整,实现国际收支平衡;四是深化金融体系改革,增强中央银行货币控制能力;五是进行汇率机制改革;六是通过财政政策调整供需结构.     

Long-Run Links among Money, Prices and Output: Worldwide Evidence

Abstract. Starting from the quantity theory of money we analyse the dynamic relationships between money, real output and prices for an unbalanced panel of 110 economies. Complementary to trivariate analyses we also adopt a P-star model explaining inflation via an equilibrium price level (P-star), which in turn depends on potential output and money. A key issue of the paper is the cross-sectional stability of estimation and inference results. We find cointegration among the considered variables. Particularly for high inflation countries homogeneity between prices and money cannot be rejected. Given homogeneity we find evidence for an error-correction mechanism linking current price changes and the lagged price gap. Parameter estimates indicating the adjustment towards the price equilibrium are larger in absolute value for high inflation countries. The latter results indicate that central banks, even in high inflation countries, can improve price stability by controlling monetary growth.     

Money demand in the czech republic since transition

We analyse the demand for money since the “break up” of the Czech-Slovak Republics at the beginning of 1993 and for the aggregates M0, Ml, and M2 using monthly data. Due to the widespread use of foreign currency in formally centrally planned economies, we also investigate the issue of currency substitution. Because of our relatively small sample period the Johansen cointegration approach is not used and instead we use the general to specific methodology in a single equation framework. Previous empirical evidence on money demand in Eastern Europe, and specifically Czech Republic, has been mixed. Both graphical and empirical results suggest that any currency substitution was a one-off event due to increased uncertainty at the end of 1992 at the time of the monetary dissolution. Certainly, currency substitution in the Czech Republic is not as strong as has been found in other former centrally planned economies. However, our results do indicate that Czech National Bank may have to take account of foreign interest rates when interpreting movements in the monetary aggregates.     

Money,liquidity and welfare

This paper develops an analytically tractable Bewley model of money demand to shed light on some important questions in monetary theory, such as the welfare cost of inflation. It is shown that when money is a vital form of liquidity to meet uncertain consumption needs, the welfare costs of inflation can be extremely large. With log utility and parameter values that best match both the aggregate money demand curve suggested by Lucas (2000) and the variance of household consumption, agents in our model are willing to reduce consumption by 3–4% to avoid 10% annual inflation. The astonishingly large welfare costs of inflation arise because inflation increases consumption risk by eroding the buffer-stock-insurance value of money, thus hindering consumption smoothing at the household level. Such an inflation-induced increase in consumption risk at the micro level cannot be captured by representative-agent models or the Bailey triangle. Although the development of financial intermediation can mitigate the problem, with realistic credit limits the welfare loss of moderate inflation still remains several times larger than estimations based on the Bailey triangle. Our findings provide a strong justification for adopting a low inflation target by central banks, especially in developing countries where money is the major form of household financial wealth.     

货币政策对物价稳定和经济增长的效应——中国与巴基斯坦的比较研究

本文采用自回归分布滞后模型对中国和巴基斯坦两国货币政策、通货膨胀与经济增长之间的长期关系进行了比较研究,由此得出如下几点结论:第一,两国的经验数据都印证了经济学家们普遍接受的通货膨胀是一种货币现象的推论;第二,货币非中性假说在两国的经验数据中均无法被拒绝;第三,在中国存在货币数量论所描述的货币供给与通货膨胀同步增长的预测关系,而这种关系在巴基斯坦却不存在;第四,两国若想实现较高的经济增长都必须在长期内降低通货膨胀率。     

Liquidity risk, economic development, and the effects of monetary policy

Empirical evidence indicates that monetary policy is not super-neutral in many countries. In particular, in high inflation economies, inflation is negatively related to economic activity. By comparison, inflation may be positively correlated with output in low inflation countries. We present a neoclassical growth model with money in which the incidence of liquidity risk is inversely related to aggregate capital formation. Interestingly, there may be multiple monetary steady-states where the effects of monetary policy vary. In poor economies, the financial system is highly distorted and higher rates of money growth are associated with less capital formation. In contrast, in advanced economies, a Tobin effect is observed. Since inflation exacerbates distortions from a coordination failure in the low-capital steady-state, individuals become much more exposed to liquidity risk. Consequently, optimal monetary policy depends on the level of development.     

Financial liberalization and the stationarity of money multiplier

Abstract

In countries without an explicit inflation targeting mechanism, a stable relationship between the monetary base and the money supply allows policymakers to implement changes in monetary policy with a reasonable degree of certainty about the impact on the money supply. The relationship can, however, be influenced by major structural shifts such as financial sector reforms. The present study finds that when structural change bought about by financial liberalisation is ignored, the unit root hypothesis is spuriously accepted. However, once this break is incorporated into the analysis, the multiplier exhibits no presence of a stochastic trend.     

Private information, money, and growth: Indeterminacy, fluctuations, and the Mundell-Tobin effect

We introduce an informational asymmetry into an otherwise standard monetary growth model and examine its implications for the determinacy of equilibrium, for endogenous economic volatility, and for the relationship between steady-state output and the rate of money growth. Some empirical evidence suggests that, for economies with low initial inflation rates, permanent increases in the money growth rate raise long-run output levels. This relationship is reversed for economies with high initial inflation rates. Our model predicts this pattern. Moreover, in economies with high enough rates of inflation, credit rationing emerges, monetary equilibria become indeterminate, and endogenous economic volatility arises.     

State-dependent pricing, inflation, and welfare in search economies

We investigate the welfare effects of inflation in economies with search frictions and menu costs. We first analyze an economy where there is no transaction demand for money balances: Money is a mere unit of account. We determine a condition under which strictly positive inflation is desirable. We relate this condition to a standard efficiency condition for search economies. Second, we consider a related economy in which there is a transaction role for money. In the absence of menu costs, the Friedman rule is optimal. In the presence of menu costs, the optimal inflation rate is negative for our numerical examples provided menu costs are small. A deviation from the Friedman rule can be optimal depending on the extent of the search externalities.     

The information content of the divisia monetary aggregates in forecasting inflation in the euro area

The paper investigates the performance of a set of monetary indicators, based on the Divisia money constructed for the euro area, on forecasting euro area inflation. The paper first briefly discusses on the relative information contents of the Divisia aggregates and the simple sum aggregates. The forecasting performance of the former is then examined by means of simulated out-of-sample forecasting. In addition to examining the information contents of the Divisia aggregate constructed for M3 money, the study also examines the performance of the Divisia M1 money to gain evidence on the relative performance between the broad and narrow Divisia monetary aggregates. According to the results, only some of the monetary indicators considered can significantly improve the univariate inflation forecasts. The Divisia M3 money based monetary indicators turned out to perform better than their Divisia M1 based counterparts. The result contradicts some previous evidence on the optimal level on monetary aggregation in the context of broad versus narrow money.