乡镇企业改制及相关原则的分析

乡镇企业概念界定是一个非常具有现实意义的问题，本文从乡镇企业的本质特征，改制过程中的相关原则、政策问题着手，探讨乡镇企业与其它企业相区别的本质属性。     

多种形式共存 调整完善提高——也谈乡镇企业改制

企业改制、资产重组是当前经济领域的热门话题。围绕乡镇企业改制问题 ,社会各届众说纷纭。有的主张全面进行股份制改造 ;有的认为国有企业难以走出困境 ,土生土长的乡镇企业更不好生存 ,主张尽快拍卖 ,走私营的路子。我认为 :乡镇企业改制要从我国的国情出发 ,要从农村多种经济成份、多种经营形式并存的实际出发 ,不能简单划一 ,追求某一固定模式 ,更不能不分经营优劣不看发展前景一卖之了。外因是变化的条件 ,内因是变化的根据 ,发挥信贷杠杆的功能支持乡镇企业发展状大固然重要 ,但最重要的还在于政府职能和企业自身等内在因素的变化。一…     

乡镇企业改制的另一种解释

对于乡镇企业的改制 ,一般的解释是企业内部的经营效率低下是推动政府改制的根本原因。但实际上 ,从现实观察到的却是有相当一部分地方政府对改制的态度是“靓女先嫁” ,即越是好企业越应当早出售 ,这对传统的解释是一个挑战。另一方面 ,理论界一直认为乡镇企业的大发展与政府对它的支持密不可分。但是 ,1 997年全国性的企业改制在很大程度上却又是由地方政府发起的。那么究竟是什么因素的变化造成了政府行为的彻底转变呢 ?这些问题都很难在出现的理论框架中得到满意的回答。本文发展出了一个理论模型 ,从中可以看到造成上述疑问的关键是 ,原有关于乡镇企业的解释忽视了改制其实是集体经济和私营经济争夺政府资源的结果 ,只有把改制放在中国市场化进程中政府支持的“含金量”下降的大背景下 ,才能真正理解改制的含义。     

苏南乡镇企业改制的基本特征——对吴江市30家乡镇企业的调查分析

本文通过对 3 0家样本企业调查 ,分析了苏南乡镇企业改制的过程、措施和实际效果 ,对企业改制过程中的一些突出特点进行了探讨 :股份合作制在实践中采用很少 ;企业改制普遍遵守“集体股退得越净越好”和“经营者持大股”两个原则。     

乡镇企业改制上市公司治理结构与融资结构相关性分析

本文采用截面数据,对乡镇企业改制上市公司治理结构与融资结构的相关关系进行了实证分析,分析结果表明：乡镇企业改制上市公司治理结构中的总经理和董事长两职状态以及股权集中程度两个变量对公司融资结构具有重要影响,而公司高层人员持股比例和公司董事会规模两个变量与公司融资结构的相关性并不显著。     

浙江省国有林场改制问题研究

国有林场改制是市场经济体制、林业发展和国有林场现状的需要。本文在对浙江省国有林场改制现状调查的基础上,总结了改制的形式,剖析了存在的问题,并提出相应的建议。     

市场化、城乡融合与乡镇企业民营化改制

乡镇企业由于其自身原因和客观原因而在农村趋于破产,同时乡镇企业通过各种各样的民营化改制行为逃离农村。针对这种现象,从市场化进程和城乡融合进程两条线索进行探讨,即顺着与乡镇企业民营化改制有关的现象本身去进行研究可以找出产生这种现象的原因。     

WTO与企业改制后的发展

面对WTO ,国有企业的改制已成定论 ,但国有企业究竟怎样改制才能更符合WTO的要求 ,才能与国际惯例相一致以及改制后怎样发展 ,文章对这些问题加以分析 ,指出了我国企业改制的现状与问题 ,指明企业改制最主要应在三方面按照WTO的要求来做 ,并指出企业改制后应注意转变的发展观念。     

目前事业单位改制对财务管理的影响及对策

自1992年起我国提出了对事业单位进行分类改革,到目前为止一直没有间断过,事业单位改制涉及126万个机构,4000余万人.目前事业单位还存在许多的问题亟待解决,事业单位的改制拟将解决这些问题,以促进事业单位的健康发展.但是事业单位的改制涉及方方面面,必定会给事业单位的管理带来一定的影响.本文主要分析了事业单位改制对财务会计的影响,并对新形势下财务管理提出了几点策略,希望对事业单位的健康发展,对社会的进步有一定的帮助.     

我国乡镇企业改制的得失与政府的基本对策

乡镇企业的产生和发展有其特定历史原因。在经济转型期,进一步发挥乡镇企业对农村经济的重要作用,具有迫切性和现实性。本文通过回顾乡镇企业改制前的基本特点,阐述改制过程,分析改制前后得失,并结合我国逐步推进城乡经济发展一体化的机遇,提出了政府的基本对策:加强引导产权制度改革,调整产业布局和产业结构,鼓励并加强乡村金融机构建设。     

Endogenous market incompleteness without market frictions: Dynamic suboptimality of competitive equilibrium in multiperiod overlapping generations economies

In this paper, we show that within the set of stochastic three-period-lived OLG economies with productive assets (such as land), markets are necessarily sequentially incomplete, and agents in the model do not share risk optimally. We start by characterizing perfect risk-sharing and find that it requires state-dependent consumption claims which depend only on the exogenous shock realizations. We show then that the recursive competitive equilibrium of any overlapping generations economy with weakly more than three generations is not strongly stationary. This then allows us to show directly that there are short-run Pareto improvements possible in terms of risk-sharing and hence, that the recursive competitive equilibrium is not Pareto optimal. We then show that a financial reform which eliminates the equity asset and replaces it with zero net supply insurance contracts (Arrow securities) will implement to Pareto optimal stochastic steady-state known to exist in the model. Finally, we also show via numerical simulations that a system of government taxes and transfers can lead to a Pareto improvement over the competitive equilibrium in the model.     

农地制度:所有权问题还是委托-代理问题?

村委会作为农村基层唯一合乎法定体制的正规制度安排,承担着政府代理人、集体产权代理人、社区管理者相互矛盾冲突的三项职能。这一制度设计缺陷,引发了对土地集体所有、家庭经营制度的深入探讨。本文通过对土地职能、村委会角色与职能冲突及集体所有制问题的讨论,提出了土地集体所有家庭经营制度的治理结构问题,认为集体所有是均分土地的基本前提,而土地均分又是保障“人人有饭吃”的制度基础。在社会保障制度不完善的条件下,土地集体所有是既有的现实选择,这就使集体所有治理结构中存在的委托—代理关系,随着农户经济结构的转型正成为农村改革与发展面临的新问题。     

开征物业税对土地利用效率的影响——比较静态模型的理论分析与数值模拟

文章通过引入土地国有制,土地再开发等因素建立了符合我国土地市场制度特征的土地开发和物业税模型,然后以比较静态分析和数值模拟为主要研究手段,考察了物业税对土地利用效率的影响。结论是开征物业税对土地利用效率存在负面的影响。     

THE EFFECT OF WELFARE ASSET RULES ON AUTO OWNERSHIP,EMPLOYMENT, AND WELFARE PARTICIPATION: A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS

This paper investigates how asset tests for welfare eligibility affect auto ownership, employment, and welfare participation for single mothers without a college degree. We combine longitudinal data from the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation with data on state‐level welfare program rules from the Urban Institute and data on state‐level controls to test whether these single mothers were more likely to (1) own a car, (2) be employed, and (3) be off of welfare, depending on the welfare asset rules instituted in their state. We find evidence that, taken as a group, the asset rules have a statistically significant effect on the probability of car ownership. Ordinary least squares results and cross‐sectional two‐stage least squares (2SLS) results using the asset rules to instrument for car ownership show a large, positive, statistically significant effect of car ownership on employment. However, in 2SLS models controlling for prior car ownership and prior employment, the asset instruments are weaker and we do not find an effect of car ownership on employment. Of significance for policy makers, we find that the asset rules do not have a statistically significant joint effect on welfare participation, even after addressing possible endogeneity. (JEL I38, J68, J08)     

Too Much Monitoring, Not Enough Performance Pay

This paper endogenises the internal organisation of competitive firms in a simple general equilibrium framework. The options are monitored teams, unmonitored teams motivated by collective performance pay, and self-employment. The choice of incentive scheme depends on market price and also affects price through its influence on output. As more people opt for self employment, pecuniary externalities increase the pressure on the rest to follow suit and Pareto rankable multiple equilibria arise. The conditions for a competitive equilibrium to be constrained efficient are restrictive and everyone may gain from policies limiting monitoring and self employment and from the imposition of entry taxes.     

Inefficient lobbying,populism and oligarchy

This paper analyzes the efficiency consequences of lobbying in a production economy with imperfect commitment. We first show that the Pareto efficiency result found for truthful equilibria of common agency games in static exchange economies no longer holds under these more general conditions. We construct a model of pressure groups where the set of efficient truthful common agency equilibria has measure zero. Second, we show that, under fairly general assumptions, the equilibrium will be biased against the group with the highest productivity of private capital, reflecting the fact that, on the margin, less productive groups find lobbying relatively more rewarding. Finally, as an application, if lobbies representing the “poor” and the “rich” have identical organizational capacities, we show that the equilibrium is biased towards the poor, who have a comparative advantage in politics, rather than in production. If the pressure groups differ in their organizational capacity, both pro-rich (oligarchic) and pro-poor (populist) equilibria may arise, all of which are inefficient with respect to the constrained optimum.     

经济结构调整过程中农村土地制度的创新

二元经济结构的改善需要农地制度的创新.农地制度改革目标模式的设计必须兼顾社会保障与效率两重功能,国有制、个人所有制、土地股份制都不符合这一原则.作者的产权分析框架认为,产权效率取决于权利的界定及实施.中国农地制度改革的方向,是坚持集体所有制的前提,通过农地权利的界定、农村集体经济组织决策制度的创新,进一步理顺乡镇政府、村集体组织与农民的关系.     

Work incentives and uncertainty on a collective farm

The collective farm household's optimal allocation of time among work on both the collective and private plots and leisure is analyzed in certain and uncertain environments. The examination of static equilibrium solutions indicates that the collective farm need not be inefficient nor provide poor work incentives. Uncertainty is shown to exert a distinctive influence on work allocations. Implications are drawn from comparative static analysis to discuss the effects of government policy, e.g., increased crop quotas, on work incentives. The Soviet development period, recent agricultural reforms in the Khrushchev-Brezhnev era, and general policy implications are considered in the light of these new analytical results.     

中国金融脱媒度量及国际比较

本文采用中介化比率和证券化比率两套指标体系从银行、金融部门两个层次以及资产和负债两个方向度量了1978-2007年中国的金融脱媒,并与美国、日本同期的金融脱媒指标进行了比较。结果表明:(1)我国银行业的金融脱媒将贯穿于金融市场发展的整个过程中;(2)中国金融部门的资产方很可能会出现一个中介化比例先下降,之后回调上升的过程,但回调到什么点是有待检验的问题;(3)我国非银行金融机构在吸纳资金、提供资金两方面都的作用都不明显,但考虑到我国在金融市场发展的阶梯上仍处于较低的阶段,未来我国非银行金融机构在吸纳经济中的盈余资金上可能会具有较大的潜力。     

流动性约束与货币政策的资产价格效应

本文在新凯恩斯主义分析框架下,基于一个动态随机模型探讨了代理人消费流动性约束下的货币政策的资产价格效应,得到下列结论：资产价格波动通过财富效应影响代理人的消费。以利率为操作目标的最优货币政策应对股价、房价等资产价格波动做出反应,而其反应强度依赖于受流动性约束的代理人所占的比重。由于资产价格波动导致了流动性约束的时变性,最优利率规则对股价、房价等资产价格波动的最优权重也具有时变性。本文的实证分析表明,我国央行对房价和股价波动的利率调整具有时变性,以及此次金融危机爆发期间显现的这种时变性特征,与本文理论分析结果相吻合。