大学生日常生活维度消费行为研究

大学生作为当今社会的特殊消费群体,他们的消费观尚未成熟,导致他们在生活中消费出现一些不良消费行为,如符号消费、标签消费、网络消费等,致使他们的消费出现从众性、攀比性、炫耀性等消费特点。从日常生活维度研究大学生消费行为有着重要意义,它可以引导帮助大学生树立科学理性消费观。     

中国经济增长的制度分析与实证研究

主流的增长理论缺乏对制度的分析,认为制度是外生的。在实证方面,对于制度的研究又缺乏精确的分析。笔者以新古典增长和制度学派为基础,对制度特点进行分析,认为增长的特点是产出、资本、消费和制度都存在一个最优的值。通过实证分析我们认为,中国经济增长中劳动力的投入对经济的影响比资本投入和制度因素要小。制度因素主要是通过资本的投入和劳动力的投入来影响经济增长的。尽管在直接效应中,制度因素对经济增长起反向作用,但在总效应中,制度对经济增长起正向作用。     

公共消费支出及其最优规模分析

公共消费支出作为政府支出的一个重要组成部分,其与经济增长之间的关系始终是经济学界关注和探讨的热点问题之一,可谓众说纷纭、观点不一.文章首先对公共消费支出的内涵与外延作了新的界定,在此基础上通过理论与模型相结合的方法分析了公共消费支出的效应,包括经济效应和社会效应,并对我国最优公共消费支出规模作了估计.     

2015年后中国消费政策的选择:结构性拉动消费

2015年之后,中国仍将面临着促进消费拉动经济增长,低碳消费保护环境的双重压力.鼓励低碳消费,抑制奢侈浪费,鼓励低收入者的消费、稳定中产阶级的消费、抑制高收入群体的奢侈性消费和炫耀性消费,即结构性拉动消费必然成为一种可行的选择.结构性拉动消费对短期经济增长可能具有负面效应,但对长期经济增长具有正面作用.低收入群体由于物质消费的增加而使自身的福利水平提高,富裕群体由于通过帮助弱势群体、投入社会公益、进行生态环境保护等消费同样可以提高自身的福利.结构性消费并不会降低居民幸福感.客观存在的收入差距为结构性拉动消费提供了可能.     

基于SMC的炫耀性消费行为影响因素实证研究

作为一种日益普遍的消费行为,炫耀性消费的形成机理至今尚未明确。作者在已有研究基础上提出一个基于商品象征意义、参照群体影响和地位消费的炫耀性消费行为前置影响因素模型,并通过实证分析我国消费者对高档名牌商品的消费观念和态度以检验此模型的有效性。研究结果表明:商品的象征意义对炫耀性消费和地位消费有显著正影响;参照群体的影响对炫耀性消费的作用不显著,但对地位消费有显著影响;此外,地位消费显著影响炫耀性消费。     

基于SMC的炫耀性消费行为影响因素实证研究

作为一种日益普遍的消费行为,炫耀性消费的形成机理至今尚未明确。作者在已有研究基础上提出一个基于商品象征意义、参照群体影响和地位消费的炫耀性消费行为前置影响因素模型,并通过实证分析我国消费者对高档名牌商品的消费观念和态度以检验此模型的有效性。研究结果表明：商品的象征意义对炫耀性消费和地位消费有显著正影响;参照群体的影响对炫耀性消费的作用不显著,但对地位消费有显著影响;此外,地位消费显著影响炫耀性消费。     

能源消费、环境污染与经济增长效应——基于四川省1991-2010年样本数据

本文在四川省能源消费、环境污染和经济增长的时间序列数据基础上,利用主成分和因子分析的方法将工业废水、工业固体废物排放量等六个指标折算为环境污染综合指数,并通过建立向量自回归模型,发现污染综合指数、能源消费与污染的交叉乘积项对经济增长存在长期稳定关系,能源消费对经济增长的正向效应大于环境污染对经济增长的负向效应,但环境污染本身对经济增长负向效应显著,且能源消费与环境污染对经济的脉冲效应在第5年开始趋于平稳.建议通过配额管理、优化要素投入结构、推动产业结构升级等措施提高能源消费效益.     

中国经济转型期地方政府财政支出对城镇居民消费的影响——基于1997年～2009年省际面板数据的实证分析

本文通过跨期替代模型,利用面板数据考察了地方政府财政支出总量和结构对城镇居民消费的影响.研究结果表明:1、地方政府行政管理性支出对城镇居民消费具有挤出效应;2、经济性支出和社会性支出对城镇居民消费具有挤入效应,但后者的效应较弱;3、由于财政支出结构的不合理,导致地方政府财政支出总额对城镇居民消费虽然具有挤入效应,但挤入效应较弱.此研究结果为转变政府职能,调整财政支出结构,引导居民消费,促进经济增长提供一定的理论依据.     

耐用消费品与储蓄

我国经济已经持续增长多年,但是,经济增长的结构性问题越来越突出,中心问题就是我国的国民储蓄率较高。如何来理解这一问题,国内外都有相关研究分析导致中国储蓄率过高的原因。本文在标准的Ram sey模型中引入耐用品消费来试图估算出中国的最优储蓄率,给出评判我国储蓄率高低的标准。通过对中国经济的模拟,我们得到此时的最优消费率和储蓄率,耐用品消费占总消费的比重,给出的结论可以很好地理解我国现阶段的消费和储蓄行为。     

炫耀性消费影响家庭生育决策吗

炫耀性消费现象在中国越来越普遍,基于此本文研究炫耀性消费对家庭生育决策的影响。首先,构建三期世代交叠模型进行理论分析,结果显示,炫耀性消费对生育子女数量呈负向影响;其次,采用中国综合社会调查(CGSS2015)数据进行实证检验,生育子女数用理想生育子女数代替。结果显示,尽管炫耀性消费对理想生育子女数影响较小,但以不同指标衡量的炫耀性消费都对理想生育子女数存在显著负向影响,其中,在1980年后出生的人群中炫耀性消费对理想生育子女数负向影响更大。因此,若能降低物质攀比、减少炫耀性消费比重,则将会对生育率的回升产生积极影响。     

Veblen’s System of Conspicuous Waste

Abstract:

The touchstone by which Thorstein Veblen evaluated an expenditure was “whether it furthers the life process taken impersonally.” For Veblen, the economic problem involved the problem of social provisioning, the way a community provides for itself. To a large degree, social provisioning has been impeded by the system of conspicuous waste, a “scheme of properties, decencies, and standards of living, the economic motive of which is competitive spending.” The system of conspicuous waste represents a cultural unfolding of conspicuous waste, prompted by the introduction of continuous-mass production in the late nineteenth, early twentieth centuries. Conspicuous waste refers to the allocation of resources, time, and effort that detract from the life process. Veblen rejected the idea that the system of conspicuous waste benefits society. For Veblen, the standard of living refers to that level of consumption at which people are expected to consume. Products that prove serviceable, however, may also serve as symbols of invidiousness. Veblen used the system of conspicuous waste to compare the diverse cultural responses of England and Germany to the same technology in the early twentieth century. The system, however, plays a central role in absorbing increases in output and maintaining profits. Whether it can continue to do so remains questionable.     

政府支出与居民消费:替代或互补——基于非线性有效消费函数的实证

以非线性有效消费函数为基础,笔者构造了一个政府支出与居民消费的跨期替代模型,并利用1978年～2004年相关数据,实证研究了我国政府支出与居民消费的关系.研究结果表明,在短期内,我国政府支出与居民消费呈互补关系;但在长期内,我国政府支出与居民消费呈替代关系,即政府支出挤占居民消费支出.因此,在短期内,政府可以通过增加支出增加居民消费以提高社会总需求;但在长期经济均衡时,政府不宜采用支出政策来实现长期经济目标.     

山东省能源消耗结构与经济增长的动态分析

能源是经济增长的动力源泉,是经济社会运行的根本保障。建立在能源基础上的现代社会,能源消耗结构是否合理决定了其经济发展能否可持续。研究山东省能源消耗结构的变动状况,以及能源消费与经济增长的关系,可以促进山东省经济的持续增长。     

Economic development, growth of human capital, and the dynamics of the wage structure

In this paper I elucidate the sources of growth of human capital in the course of economic development. On the supply side (Section 1) I include the growth of family income, urbanization, the demographic transition, and the rising cost of time.The supply side alone cannot explain the continuous growth of human capital as it implies a self limiting decline in rates of return below those in alternative investments. Such declines are offset by growing demands for human capital in the labor market. Growth of demand for labor skills is a function of capital accumulation and of technological changes. Evidence on this hypothesis is summarized in Section 2 and on supply responses to growing demand for human capital in Section 3. Changes in the skill and wage structures in the labor market are an important part of the evidence.The reciprocal relation between economic growth and the growth of human capital is likely to be an important key to sustained economic growth. A caveat applies to indirect effects of economic growth on family instability, which may lead to a deterioration of childhood human capital in some sectors of society.     

A low growth path in Austria: potential causes,consequences and policy options

This paper reports on an Austrian research project that deals with the question how the Austrian society could cope with long-lasting low economic growth. Various causes of low-growth that are relevant for Austria (a deteriorating balance of trade, increasing resource prices, consumer restraint of households and less immigration) have been identified, leading to an only moderate gross domestic product growth of 0.55 % per year. The resulting impact on the economy is substantial: the labour market suffers from a shortage of labour supply (due to reduced migration) and from a reduced demand for labour (due to reduced demand in consumption, investments and exports). Subsequently, less employment decreases the development of the disposable income of private households (tax rates and social security contributions held constant). Related to this, public debt is higher due to reduced tax incomes and slightly growing public expenditures. From an ecological perspective, resource consumption increases at a slower rate, however, no absolute reduction can be reached. CO₂ emissions also slightly increase. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that low growth necessarily leads to the achievement of energy and environmental policy goals. Based on these results, a policy scenario was used to analyze whether and how policy measures are able to cope with the negative consequences of persistent low growth. The results reveal that the selected measures are suitable to reduce negative economic effects: The implementation of reduced working time and an eco-social reform of levies might improve the labour market situation. The negative effects on the national budget can be diminished by a reduction of environmentally harmful subsidies. Induced behaviour changes of private households can reduce energy and resource-intensive consumption.     

能源回报趋势对我国经济增长的影响分析

随着开采难度的增加,化石能源生产过程中的能源消耗量不断增长,可供于经济社会能够真正使用的净能源量也随之变动,这将对我国的经济增长产生不可估量的影响。基于此,本文从"净能源"角度提出化石能源供应净量的概念,并预测至2025年我国化石能源产量、净进口量、生产过程中的消耗量;进而,将取得的重要参数和预测数据应用到能源型生产函数中,通过Lingo软件模拟出化石能源供应净量的变动对我国经济增长的影响,计算得出:在基准情景下,我国GDP增速呈逐步放缓的趋势,2011-2015年间为9.26%,2016-2020年间为6.01%,2021-2025年间为4.29%,目前正处于高速增长阶段过渡到中速增长阶段甚至是低速增长阶段的新时期。     

Growth effects of a revenue-neutral environmental tax reform

This paper analyzes tax-policy measures within a two-sector endogenously-growing economy with elastic labor supply. Pollution is either modeled as a side product of physical capital used as a production factor in the final-good sector or as a side product of production. The framework allows us to analyze the consequences of isolated tax changes or of a revenue-neutral environmental tax reform for economic growth. Although pollution does not directly affect production processes, it can be shown that a higher pollution tax as well as a revenue-neutral environmental tax reform boost economic growth, whereas a tax on capital, consumption, or labor reduces the long-term growth rate of the economy.     

Conspicuous consumption and “race”: Evidence from South Africa

A century ago, Thorstein Veblen introduced socially contingent consumption into the economic literature. This paper complements the scarce empirical literature by testing his conjecture on South African household data and finds that Black and Coloured households spend relatively more on visible consumption than comparable White households. Following the approach of Charles et al. (2009), this paper explores whether the differences in visible expenditures can be explained with a signaling model of status seeking. Moreover, it is assessed to which extent positional concerns motivate conspicuous consumption. Although the socially contingent share in visible consumption increases with income, different incentives to consume conspicuously seem to explain that, at every level of income, Black households spend relatively more on visible consumption than comparable White households. In contrast to the findings of Charles et al. (2009) where differential spending on conspicuous consumption can be found also within each group separately, the model's core hypothesis fails to hold within the group of White South Africans.     

MILITARY SPENDING,THREATS AND STOCHASTIC GROWTH

This paper analyses the impact of home military spending and foreign military threat on economic growth in a stochastic endogenous growth model involving the supply‐side and demand‐side effects produced by military spending. The paper states that an increase in home military spending affects economic growth through three channels, including the crowding‐out effect, the spin‐off effect, and the resource mobilization effect. The net effect which depends on these three channels is ambiguous. Hence, we demonstrate that there exists an optimal defence burden that maximizes the economic growth rate. Furthermore, the optimal defence burden depends on the degree of risk preference. Namely, the optimal defence burden of the risk‐loving agent is more than that of the risk‐neutral agent, and in turn is more than that of the risk‐averse agent. At the same time, we prove that the relationship between the volatility in military spending and economic growth also depends on the degree of risk preference. In addition, we show that greater volatility in foreign military spending leads to a decrease in home aggregate consumption, and hence speeds up economic growth in the home country.     

Effects of European integration on Austria’s economy

High expectations were placed on the project of European economic integration and Austria’s participation in it. Economists had expected that the Single Market would provide a positive supply shock, i.e. rising productivity, resulting in more growth. The optimistic forecasts for neither the EU nor for Austria were borne out by actual economic trends. Economic growth as well as productivity growth decelerated, while unemployment increased. Monetary union was implemented with an economic policy framework, the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) that geared monetary policy only to price stability and at the same time prescribed restrictive fiscal policies. The SGP therefore reveals a deflationary bias. The existing literature on the effects of EU accession on the Austrian economy by design fails to account for the restrictive effects of the SGP. The paper presents simulation results allowing for supply shocks as well as demand shocks. The simulations are based on a medium‐sized macroeconometric model. The results indicate that recent studies overestimate the positive effects of European integration. A simulation of the restrictive demand‐side effects of the SGP, with the assumption that around half of the fall in public consumption growth in the Euro countries can be attributed to the SGP, produced significant negative growth effects. The net effect suggests a negative quarter percentage point p.a. during the period 1995–2004.