现代主流经济学的人性假设及其批评

现代主流经济学的人性假设对人类经济行动的目的、行为方式与程度等问题的回答是现代主流经济学的根基,为其建立精美严谨的理论体系、赢得“社会科学的皇冠”的美誉奠定了基础,但也面临着来自经济学内外的各种批评。这些批评不仅指向了现代主流经济学的人性假设本身,更是对其哲学基础、分析框架和研究方法的挑战。     

经济学理论潜含的利益取向探析——马克思经济学与现代西方主流经济学比较研究

马克思经济学从根本上是代表弱势群体的利益,反映弱势者对社会正义的要求,从而不承认现实的合理性。相反,现代西方主流经济学是为既得利益服务的,它用伦理实证主义价值观来为现实进行解释和辩护,以供求均衡来合理化社会制度,从而具有强烈的保守主义倾向。     

主流经济学理论的九大缺陷

经济的危机其实反映的是经济理论的危机。我们用来指导经济政策的理论很可能出了问题。当看不见的手和看得见的手同时失灵的时候,有必要对我们曾经坚信不疑的理论信条进行一次重新的梳理和审视,本文对几年来主流经济学理论九大缺陷的反思做一个简略的归纳。     

马克思经济学发现经济危机的社会哲学观和研究方法论——兼论马克思经济学和现代主流经济学的认知差异

马克思经济学比现代主流经济学更容易发现经济危机,主要源于两个基本特征:一是在社会哲学观上坚持矛盾冲突论,从而发现个人理性与集体理性之间的不一致性;二是在研究方法论上采用平均主义分析,从而更适合使用统计材料和历史材料来考察宏观经济的周期性波动。正因如此,马克思经济学能够充分认识到自由市场经济内含的冲突性,并从收入分配角度揭示了经济危机的内在根源;相应地,解决经济危机的根本措施就是,改变不合理的收入分配制度。     

如何看待当前的经济学国际化现象——从社会科学和自然科学的理论研究之差异谈起

现代西方主流经济学把经济学作为自然科学来研究,强调经济学的普遍性和客观性.正因如此,国内经济学也开始兴起了一股经济学国际接轨的浪潮,主张国内经济学要向欧美经济学看齐.但实际上,经济学本质上属于社会科学,而社会科学与自然科学的研究具有非常不同的特点:它关注本土现象,具有强烈的人文性,理论发展也呈现出否定之否定的轨迹.所以,当前这种经济学国际化的浪潮和路径必须引起深刻的反思.     

“批判实在”对主流经济学的批判

批判实在的经济学研究认为批判实在能够对主流经济学提供科学的批判。批判实在主要关注本体论问题,强调本体论和方法论的关系以及作为研究对象的开放系统和封闭系统的区别,从而提供从本体论、认识论到方法论对主流经济学进行批判的完整的逻辑链条,并建议改造主流经济学,使之更关注现实问题,使得经济学研究方法和研究对象之间有更密切的契合,使经济学能够更好地解释世界、改造世界。     

论宏观经济学之微观基础——基于马克思经济学与西方主流经济学的争论与解析

经济学理论的发展由逻辑体系保证,但逻辑体系并不意味着经济学一定能够很好地解释现实,这要求经济分析所依据的制度基础必须联系到人的活动以及人与人之间的社会关系,这是经济学研究的基本逻辑起点。与西方主流经济学注重人与物的关系及在生产函数和瓦尔拉斯一般均衡之微观基础上确立起来的新古典传统相比,以资本主义货币经济的社会关系为分析线索的马克思经济学,正是在其特有的劳动价值论、剩余价值理论及其统一利润率的古典一般均衡的微观基础上,深刻剖析了资本主义的一系列宏观经济问题,从而形成一个逻辑一致的总量理论体系,完全不同于自身存在各种逻辑悖论的主流新古典理论。     

西方主流经济学关于市场体制下利益协调机制的理论演进——兼论主流经济学的自由主义之本质

从利益关系角度看,由于西方主流经济学的基本任务与理论宗旨是论证说明资本主义市场体制的有效性、合理性与永恒性,所以其主线必然是致力于资本主义市场经济下经济利益关系和谐与统一的说明。为此,主流经济学着力分析、论证私有制市场经济既可以实现资源最优配置,又可以协调或兼容利益关系,并极力维护、崇尚私有制市场经济体制,倡导市场万能或市场神话。如果从本质上看,西方主流经济学是完全符合自由主义的基本理念与基本精神,所以,它本质上是自由主义经济学。从理论演进分析角度,可以看出主流经济学关于市场体制如何协调利益关系,并结合自由主义的基本价值取向、基本原则与基本政策主张,得出西方经济理论在本质上是自由主义经济学的结论。     

西方主流经济学的基本分析框架及其缺陷—一个基于演化本体论视角的阐释

西方主流经济学的分析框架是以对实在基本假定为基础的,但根据演化本体论,这种对实在的基本假定却背离了经济实在的根本结构和性质,它将有机层级结构还原为原子式个体,将开放系统简化为封闭系统,排除了对于理解经济系统绝不可少的解释要素。正是这种根本缺陷导致了西方主流经济学无法有效处理诸如内生新奇创生、历史时间、系统效应、生产和经济欠发达这样的重要经济学问题。     

胡塞尔哲学体系对西方主流经济学的影响

传统的西方主流经济学的困境,根源于西方传统哲学的内在缺陷。由于希腊传统的哲学体系过于强调理性主义,认为人可以不受感性、偶然性的干扰甚至控制,由此在经济学中演化出理性利己“经济人”的边沁—斯密范式,把理性作为个人经济行为的绝对准则,使经济学对现实世界的解释力大大削弱。为解决哲学上的困境,胡塞尔对西方哲学进行了重新解构,将人性中非理性主义、反理性主义的诉求融入理性主义的范畴之中,从而在很大程度上瓦解了作为现代经济学基础的边沁—斯密“利己主义”哲学体系,并在根本上改变了现代经济学的发展方向。     

现代主流经济学对制度“设计”的误导和扭曲——从法律对强者机会主义行为的约束谈起

基于自然主义思维,现代主流经济学不仅用供求博弈均衡来为这种现状提供合理性解释,而且根据力量博弈均衡来设计社会制度,结果,经济学从热衷于对社会正义的关注和社会制度的改造蜕变成为既得利益和现实制度进行辩护的保守学说,并扭曲了立法的根本目的。事实上,法律的现实功能在于抑制机会主义行为以保障社会契约的履行,而强势者因拥有违反契约的更强能力而具有明显的机会主义倾向,因而立法的直接目的就是抑制强势者的机会主义行为。而且,法律本质上是为了理顺公共领域的社会关系,保障人民的应得权利,因而不应该是参与方之博弈均衡的简单体现。     

Boettke,The Austrian School and the Reclamation of Reality in Modern Economics

In a series of recent papers, the prominent Austrian economist Peter Boettke has criticised orthodox economics for its lack of realism. This paper situates Boettkes critique in the context provided by recent developments in the methodology of economics, most notably critical realism. While there is a good deal of common ground between Boettkes approach and critical realism, the latter also helps to reveal some of the limitations of the variant of Austrian economics to which Boettke subscribes. Suggestions are made as to how critical realists and Austrians such as Boettke might move forward together in developing a more realistic, relevant and fruitful approach to economic analysis.     

On the Market for Principles of Economics Textbooks: Innovation and Product Differentiation

Tabular data are provided on the journals that have published economic education articles, the topics covered, and the individual authors. Institutions are ranked by their contributions to the economic education literature.     

国外一流理工科大学发展人文社会科学学科发展启示

国外一流理工科大学十分重视人文社会科学学科在学校学科建设和人才培养中的地位和作用,在如何建设和发展人文社会科学学科方面积累了大量的成功经验。吸收和借鉴国外一流理工科大学的文科发展经验,对在起步中的国内理工科大学来说大有助益。     

J.M. Clark and Institutional Economics: Remarks on the Receipt of the Veblen-Commons Award

This paper outlines the contributions of J.M. Clark to institutional economics. Clark is sometimes seen as standing between institutional and neoclassical economics, but I argue that this view is not accurate. Clark was intimately involved in the definition, promotion, and defense of institutional economics in sessions of the American Economic Association and in a variety of other forums. No other member of the institutionalist group was as much involved in the professional discussion of institutional economics as J.M. Clark. In addition, Clark made a number of key contributions to institutionalist theory in the areas of psychology and economics, the costs of decision-making, overhead costs and business-pricing behavior, the accelerator mechanism and business cycles, workable and effective competition and competition policy, and social control. These contributions, together with the graduate students he trained at the University of Chicago and Columbia University, serve to place him in the center of the institutionalist movement and not on its periphery.     

理工科大学人文社科教育的几点理性思考

在理工科大学,加强人文社科教育极具重要性,必须把握＂少而精＂、＂鲜而活＂、＂愿而需＂、＂适而用＂等原则,并尽快走出＂人文社会科学不是真科学＂、＂人文社会科学无关紧要＂、＂人文社会科学就是马列主义老一套＂等误区。     

Relating the philosophy and practice of ecological economics: The role of concepts, models, and case studies in inter- and transdisciplinary sustainability research

We develop a general and unifying methodology for ecological economics which integrates philosophical considerations on the foundations of ecological economics with an adequate operationalization. We argue that the subject matter and aims of ecological economics require a specific combination of inter- and transdisciplinary research, and discuss the epistemological position on which this methodology is based. In accordance with this understanding of inter- and transdisciplinarity and the underlying epistemological position, we develop an operationalization which comprises simultaneous analysis on three levels of abstraction: concepts, (generic) models and case studies. This provides a systematic and integral view on ecological economics, and thus allows one to see the relationship between contributions to the field that have so far been perceived as very heterogeneous and largely unrelated. At the same time, this methodological framework may provide orientation for the further development of ecological economics.     

The Implications for Health,Depression, and Life Satisfaction from a Permanent Increase in Income for the Disadvantaged Elderly: Evidence from Taiwan

This paper uses an exogenous increase in income for a specific subgroup to explore the extent to which higher income leads to higher levels of health and well-being. In 1995, the Taiwanese government implemented the Senior Farmer Welfare Benefit Interim Regulation (SFWBIR) that was a pure cash injection to senior farmers. A difference-in-differences (DiD) approach is used on survey data from the Taiwanese Health and Living Status of Elderly in 1989 and 1996 to evaluate the short-term effect of the SFWBIR on self-assessed health, depression, and life satisfaction (LS). Senior manufacturing workers are employed as a comparison group for senior farmers in the natural experiment. This paper provides evidence that the increase in income caused by this pension reform significantly improved the mental health of senior farmers by reducing 1.697 points of the depression scale in DiD and 2.178 points in the robust estimation; however, it had no significant short-term impact on self-assessed health or LS.     

农村社会基本养老保障的公共产品属性与政府责任

农村基本社会养老保障的纯公共产品特性是其本质属性,而它的准公共产品特性是在政府现有财力约束的特定条件下产生的.因此,从长远看,纯公共产品属性决定了农村基本社会养老保障还应由国家和集体为主体来提供,并坚持政府主导原则.由于城乡基本社会养老保障具有相同的公共产品特性,上述结论可以由当前城镇社会基本养老保障的相关数据加以推断和证明.但是政府主导原则不等于无条件地优于市场原则,因此明确政府职责边界和政府责任特征,在避免盲目推进基本养老保障市场化改革的同时,还要求不同层级政府在不同时间和地域对其承担责任的侧重点和功能有所区分并相机抉择,保证政府主导原则在当前实践中的有效贯彻.