生态经济学对新古典经济学的继承与批判

工业社会带来的生态与经济矛盾尖锐,自然资源破坏、环境污染等新经济现象严重阻碍了经济的持续发展,西方传统的新古典经济学理论已经不能对此做出合理解释,生态经济学逐渐成为一门世界性的科学.由此,本文对生态经济学和新古典经济学之间的关系进行了研究,认为生态经济学对新古典经济学理论的继承主要体现在其内在体系的一致性、稀缺资源优化配置、共同福祉实现等方面;在研究方法上生态经济学摒弃了"劳动价值论",并运用"熵的价值论"进行动态化的通量分析,研究以自然资源为中心的稀缺资源的有效配置.     

循环经济与主流经济学的分歧与统一

关于自然资源和环境的观点,循环经济与主流经济学并不矛盾.早在古典经济学时代自然资源和环境就被视作同土地和劳动一样具有稀缺性的生产要素,资源价值补偿一直是主流经济学研究的内容之一,而且循环经济的理论发展和实践推广也依赖主流经济学的研究方法和计量工具,因此二者的一致性远远大于分歧.     

论宏观经济学之微观基础——基于马克思经济学与西方主流经济学的争论与解析

经济学理论的发展由逻辑体系保证,但逻辑体系并不意味着经济学一定能够很好地解释现实,这要求经济分析所依据的制度基础必须联系到人的活动以及人与人之间的社会关系,这是经济学研究的基本逻辑起点。与西方主流经济学注重人与物的关系及在生产函数和瓦尔拉斯一般均衡之微观基础上确立起来的新古典传统相比,以资本主义货币经济的社会关系为分析线索的马克思经济学,正是在其特有的劳动价值论、剩余价值理论及其统一利润率的古典一般均衡的微观基础上,深刻剖析了资本主义的一系列宏观经济问题,从而形成一个逻辑一致的总量理论体系,完全不同于自身存在各种逻辑悖论的主流新古典理论。     

“批判实在”对主流经济学的批判

"批判实在"的经济学研究认为"批判实在"能够对主流经济学提供科学的批判。"批判实在"主要关注本体论问题,强调本体论和方法论的关系以及作为研究对象的开放系统和封闭系统的区别,从而提供从本体论、认识论到方法论对主流经济学进行批判的完整的逻辑链条,并建议改造主流经济学,使之更关注现实问题,使得经济学研究方法和研究对象之间有更密切的契合,使经济学能够更好地解释世界、改造世界。     

经济学发展趋势与中国经济学的新建构

改革开放30年创造了人类经济发展史上的"中国奇迹",而且随着经济学研究格局的变化,经济学研究重心正面临转移,经济学理论将有新的发展趋势。当今中国改革与崛起的客观现实对主流经济学理论的解释力产生了强烈冲击,更具解释力的"中国经济学"将不仅是研究特定地区、特定时代或融合了特定文化的经济学,而且是顺应经济学趋势,推动经济学更具创新性的理论力量。     

保罗·乔斯科对制度经济学的贡献

保罗·乔斯科是美国著名经济学家,他是研究管制经济学、交易成本经济学和契约理论的应用以及环境经济学等领域的代表性人物。乔斯科强调经济理论在研究现实问题中的重要性和基础地位,并不断地将理论的发展应用到相关领域的实证研究中,开创了管制经济学和交易成本经济学实证研究的先河。他的努力不仅推进了这些领域的理论研究,而且对公共政策的设计和评价产生了直接影响。     

经济学的二维向度及其深层问题

自利行为假设的片面理解和狭隘追求,在很大程度上阻碍了经济学对一些有重要价值的非自利社会目标的关注,同时也必然导致经济学缺失.为了弥补缺失,理论上应该根据经济学发展的二维向度,坚持伦理学关怀和工程学描述并重,完整理解人的行为,合理说明最大化问题,着重强调"合力"价值,普遍关心社会道义.在关于效率、自由、权利、公平等深层次问题的探索方面,经济学有必要注意社会交往和社会公正研究所提供的启示.     

对生态经济学中几个问题的思考

本文将就生态经济学几个主要问题,提出自己的看法,供大家参考。1 生态经济学不仅是理论经济学而且是主导经济学生态经济学是否是与政治经济学(或经济学)并驾齐驱的理论经济学,在理论上是有争议的,虽然近来关于生态经济学是理论经济学的观点,已占居主流地位,但由于其所提论据不足及生态经济学内容的贫乏,所以,不仅未能平息这种争论,而且也未得到经济学界的足够重视。因为,人们在把生态经济学作为     

重树马克思科学抽象法在经济学研究中的重要地位——马克思主义经济学和西方主流经济学方法论的比较分析

科学抽象法是马克思在批判和继承黑格尔哲学的基础上,提出和具体运用到社会科学研究领域的科学研究方法。唯物辩证法和唯物史观是科学抽象法的哲学和方法论基础。方法论层面上的区别不仅形成了马克思主义经济学与西方主流经济学作为两种不同的研究范式的本质区别,而且也是凸显马克思主义经济学作为科学研究范式的核心所在。改革开放30多年来,作为在理论上总结历史经验以及构建和创新具有中国特色社会主义市场经济理论的需要,应重新树立马克思的科学研究方法在经济学研究中的重要地位。     

马克思经济学与西方经济学的差异性和互补性研究

马克思经济学的生命力在于其从现象到本质的研究路线及对不合理的现实进行剖析和改造。但局限于特定的历史背景,它的分析主要停留在有关社会制度的宏观层面,缺乏对微观制度的具体分析,这也正是马克思经济学研究所面临的困境。在微观行为机理及影响因素实证方面,现代西方主流经济学有很大发展。马克思经济学的发展需要契合西方主流经济学研究具体微观问题的工具、模型及理论。将马克思经济学的研究方法与现代西方主流经济学的表达工具和检验手段结合起来,就可形成更全面的分析体系。     

Research Ethics Education in Economics

Abstract

In this paper, we report the findings from the data we collected from a survey in order to measure how common research ethics education in economics is. We have found out that (1) research ethics is taught in only a very few economics departments around the globe; (2) topics related to research ethics are not taught in courses on economics and ethics; and (3) the number of papers published in specialised peer-reviewed journals on economics education is only a tiny fraction of the number of papers published in these journals. There has been no evidence in economics showing that economics departments have taken strong initiative on teaching research ethics to undergraduate and graduate students.     

隔裂，还是融合？——阿马蒂亚·森论伦理学与经济学的关系

阿马蒂亚·森在其《伦理学与经济学》一书中提出并强调了经济学和伦理学应相互贯通、相互融合的思想。他认为,经济学和伦理学长期分离的历史事实对这两门学科的发展危害严重,在此基础上他提出了重新贯通经济学和伦理学之内在联系的观点。这一思想不仅具有特别重要的理论意义,而且有着不可忽视的现实价值。     

论生态经济学与环境经济学的区别与联系

生态经济学与环境经济学既有区别又有联系。本文对二者进行了全面比较,并进一步阐述了对生态经济学与环境经济学学科地位和发展的一些观点和建议。     

William Hutt and the Economics of Apartheid

The work of William Hutt is well knownin the fields of labor economics, monetary economics and politicaleconomy. A hundred years after his birth it is appropriate totake note of a less well known work of his, The Economics ofthe Color Bar. This book, first published in 1964, is an in-depthexamination of the origins and implications of apartheid in SouthAfrica his adopted country of residence for 38 years of his life.It can be read today not only as an authoritative and illuminatingpolitical and social history of South Africa from its first colonizationuntil the time of writing, but also as a window into the originsof South Africas current dilemmas.     

Beyond Utilitarianism and Deontology: Ethics in Economics

Abstract

This article starts from a methodological position that fact and value are mutually related, both in the real world and in economic analysis. It then discusses deontological ethics. This approach is concerned with equality and dignity, as expressed in right and norms, and how these rights and norms constrain individual choices. Deontology is thus different from the utility maximisation of utilitarian ethics, where ethics appears in utility functions as moral preferences. The paper then argues that, although deontology does better than utilitarianism in analysing ethics in economics, it has its own weaknesses. These weaknesses require another theory of ethics for economics, virtue ethics, which emphasises the interrelatedness of agents and commitment to shared values beyond the rules that a society has institutionalised. Virtue ethics internalises morality not as a preference or a constraint, but through the practices in which agents are related in their pursuit of value added.     

实证经济学与规范经济学: 科学标准的辨析

经济学研究中的实证方法和规范方法的运用历来都存在争议.文章在对实证经济学和规范经济学区分的缘起、内容和产生后果的分析基础上,对经济学的"科学性"标准进行了较详细的分析,对经济学研究中忽视甚至无视价值判断等一系列规范性问题带来的严重后果进行了阐述.文章认为,经济学作为社会科学,规范方法的运用是不可避免的,这是由经济学本身的学科属性决定的.实证主义经济学和规范主义经济学之间并没有不可逾越的鸿沟.     

The Importance of Ethics in Environmental Economics with a Focus on Existence Values

The importance of ethics and fundamental value judgments in environmental economics is high-lighted by discussing the controversial concept of existence values. The social value depends crucially on the social objective, which is not necessarily self-evident, e.g., since some individuals tend to value nature intrinsically. It is shown that the motives behind willingness to pay figures matter for the social value, and the conventional view that people respond to CV questions solely in order to maximize their own utility or well-being is questioned. The importance of being explicit about value judgments is emphasized, and it is argued that environmental economics should consider non-conventional assumptions which take the social context into account to a larger degree.     

Economics: Unfit for Purpose

This paper is a shortened and revised version of the Closing Plenary given to the World Congress of the Association of Social Economics, and Cairncross Lecture, University of Glasgow, June 2012. Mainstream economics is seen as unfit for purpose because of deficiencies that have long been criticised by a marginalised heterodoxy. These include the taking out of the historical and social even if bringing them back in on the basis of a technical apparatus and architecture that is sorely inappropriate. These observations are illustrated in passing reference to social capital but are particularly appropriate for understanding the weakness of ethics within mainstream economics. An alternative is offered through taking various “entanglements” (such as facts and values) as critical point of departure, leading to the suggestion that ethical systems are subject to the 10 Cs—Constructed, Construed, Conforming, Commodified, Contextual, Contradictory, Closed, Contested, Collective and Chaotic.     

西方经济学与马克思主义经济学关于生产理论的比较——一个方法论的视角

西方经济学与马克思主义经济学的生产理论研究方法上存在三个方面本质区别:西方经济学的生产理论是以"经济人"假设为出发点,把劳动者仅仅作为生产要素研究;而马克思主义经济学的生产理论是以"历史的、现实的人"为出发点,把劳动者既看作生产要素,又作为生产主体来研究.西方经济学的生产理论只研究生产一般,因而使用价值(即效用)范畴是其研究的核心;而马克思主义经济学则不仅研究生产一般,更注重研究生产的具体社会形式,因而把价值范畴作为研究的核心.西方经济学用个体主义方法,把生产理论仅仅置于微观领域来研究,致使其理论体系在微观与宏观上形成脱节;而马克思主义经济学则运用唯物辩证法,在宏观和微观的有机联系中研究资本主义的生产和再生产问题.     

Towards Sustainability Economics: Principles and Values

Synopsis  Radical alternatives, in terms of our ideas about science in society, about economics, ideology and institutional arrangements, should be included among possibilities considered within the scope of a pluralistic philosophy. While all these aspects of our mental maps are interrelated and important, economics plays a key role in attempts to get closer to a sustainable society. Mainstream neoclassical economics is not enough. The tendency to exclusively rely on this particular theory is considered part of the problems faced. A ‘sustainability economics’ more in line with dominant ideas of democracy is proposed, emphasizing the ethical, ideological and political elements. Reference is made to institutional theory but the principles and concepts suggested are in many ways similar to other kinds of heterodox economics and developments in other social sciences. Neoclassical economics is used as a point of reference in pointing to alternative ideas about human beings, organizations, markets, decision- making, efficiency, rationality, progress in society and institutional change processes. Predilection for such an alternative conceptual framework (or for neoclassical economics) is not exclusively a scientific choice but as much a matter of political and ideological preferences. One paradigm may be dominant at a time, but because of the ideological specificity of each paradigm, competing theoretical perspectives should be accepted and even encouraged in a democratic society.