浅析企业营销所面临的形势及建议

随着我国市场化经济的深入发展，对企业营销管理工作也提出了新的要求。在现今这个竞争激烈的市长环境下，企业如何做到在营销理念、营销策略、营销模式这几方面上进行科学的创新以适应社会经济的发展就成了当下企业家们所共同探讨的问题。     

节约型营销战略SWOT研究

节约型营销是建设节约型社会的重要组成部分,是当前企业营销的新方向。从SWOT理论出发,分析企业进行节约型营销的优势与劣势、机会与威胁,并提出可供参考的营销战略。     

企业营销面临八大转型

在新经济时代，为适应环境变化和时代的新要求，我国企业的营销管理必须实现以下八大方面的转型：一、变传统营销观念为现代营销观念。在企业的经营活动中，我国仍有一些企业持传统经营观念，即经营活动仍以企业、产品为出发点和核心。在新的环境下，企业的经营观念必须实现向现代营销观念的转变，特别是向社会营销观念的转变。即以市场需求为导向开展经营活动，把消费者需求看成企业经营活动的起点和终点，并坚持在获取企业利润的同时，保护消费者的权益和身心健康，保护自然资源和生态环境，实现企业利润、消费者利益和社会福利三者之间的…     

企业营销创新初探

企业外部环境的变化，要求企业适应市场需求，不断地进行营销创新。目前，我国企业营销创新面着诸多困难和问题。从营销观念、营销运作、营销服务、营销战略、营销管理等方面入手，对企业的营销创新进行分析，可知企业营销创新的途径主要有：建立消费者需求、企业优势和社会责任三位珍本的营销观念，在产品、价格、促销渠道等方面进行具体的营销运作，加强营销服务、策略管理创新。     

企业如何以财务管理为中心提高资源利用效率

企业的发展离不开对经济资源的调配，实现向“资源节约型企业”的转型是当今企业发展的趋势，建设节约型企业不仅是提高企业自身竞争力的需要，也是建设节约型社会的要求。本文主要研究企业以财务管理为核心提高资源利用效率的可行性，以及在优化资源配置，提高资源利用效率，协调企业经营活动方面的重要作用，从而帮助企业实现向“资源节约型”的转型，为建设节约型社会做出贡献。     

新形势下企业营销工作创新初探

随着我国市场化经济的深入发展,对企业营销管理工作也提出了新的要求。在现今这个竞争激烈的市场环境下,企业如何做到在营销理念、营销策略、营销模式这几方面上进行科学的创新,以适应社会经济的发展就成了当下企业家们所共同探讨的问题。     

诌议企业营销道德

目前，我国的市场经济运行中存在着许多不道德的营销行为，严重影响了消费者与社会的利益，同时也制约着企业的长期发展。本文从时我国市场中的营销道德现状分析入手，阐述了企业营销活动在市场调研、定价、销售等方面所存在的不道德的行为以及这些行为对消费者、社会及企业自身造成的危害，指出营销中的不道德行为所产生后果的严重性，使企业认识到进行营销道德建设的必要性并提出相应对策。     

建设节约型社会的几点思考

一、建设节约型社会应坚持的几个观点 （一）坚持群众观点，充分调动各种建设主体的积极性 群众是历史的真正创造者。节约型社会的建设必须有广大人民群众的广泛参与。在节约型社会的建设过程中必须牢固坚持群众观点，依靠广大人民群众建设节约型社会。如果没有广大人民群众的广泛参与，节约型社会建设就无从谈起。要充分运用舆论引导、加大精神和物质激励力度、成立专门群众性组织、开展群众性节约主题活动等手段，充分调动广大人民群众的积极性和主动性．使广大人民群众认识到自己在节约型社会建设中的地位、作用、责任和义务．积极投身于节约型社会建设实践活动．使节约型社会建设成为全国人民共同积极参与、上下齐心互动的“人民战争”，依靠广大人民群众推动节约型社会建设不断前进。     

浅议构建节约型社会下的会计规范模式

目前，我国社会结构正处于转型期，社会生活的方方面面，包括社会经济、政治、文化逐步递升跃迁，社会结构分化重组。在全社会树立节约意识、节约观念，倡导节约文化、节约文明，广泛开展内容丰富、形式多样的资源节约活动，积极创建节约型城市、节约型政府、节约型企业、节约型社区已经势在必行。作为社会经济的重要组成部分和国际通用语言的会计，也正处于不断的变革之中。构建节约型社会下科学合理的会计规范模式，是我国经济发展对会计改革的要求，是历史发展的必然。     

企业营销发展的三种战略

企业营销发展的三种战略郝旭光企业的市场营销活动，受营销环境的制约，企业要通过市场营销活动求得生存和发展，就不能只是简单、被动地适应营销环境的变化。企业应该预见环境的变化，通过创造新产品、新需求来主动适应外部环境的变化，避开环境变化带来的威胁，超前引导...     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Valuing Mangrove-Fishery Linkages – A Case Study of Campeche, Mexico

This paper explores the value of mangrove systems as a breeding and nursery habitat for off-shore fisheries, focusing on mangrove-shrimp production linkages in Campeche State, Mexico. We develop an open access fishery model to account explicitly for the effect of mangrove area on carrying capacity and thus production. From the long-run equilibrium conditions of the model we are able to establish the key parameters determining the comparative static effects of a change in mangrove area on this equilibrium. We then estimate empirically the effects of changes in mangrove area in the Laguna de Terminos on the production and value of shrimp harvests in Campeche over 1980–90. Our findings suggest that mangroves are an important and essential input into the Campeche shrimp fishery, but that the low levels of deforestation between 1980 and 1990 mean that the resulting losses to the shrimp fishery are still comparatively small. Over-exploitation of the fishery due to open access conditions remains the more pervasive threat, and without better management any long-run benefits of protecting mangrove habitat are likely to be dissipated.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

An Economic Analysis and Simulation of Woodfuel Management in the Sahel

This paper presents an economic framework and a computationalmethodology for assessing the evolution of woodfuel supply costsand the spatial distribution of biomass in a Sahelian woodlandsetting. Spatial data on standing stock and the costs oftransport to market are used to construct a supply curve for fuelto a fuel-consuming location. Given an exogenously specifieddemand, the model simulates, period by period, the extraction,regeneration, and transport of wood fuels. The model is appliedto evaluate the benefits and ecological impacts of scenarios forwoodland management around the city of N'Djamena, Chad.