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1.
A resource-based view of Schumpeterian economic dynamics 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
John A. Mathews 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):29-54
This paper seeks to offer a theoretical platform where the modern “resource-based view” of the firm might meet with evolutionary
economics and the study of entrepreneurship, and with the economics of industrial organization. It does so by proposing the
concept of the “resource economy” within which productive resources are produced and exchanged between firms. This is presented
as the dual of the mainstream goods and services economy – where the “resource economy” captures the dynamic capital structure
of the economy. The paper is concerned to bring out the distinctive principles governing resource dynamics in the resource
economy, capturing competitive dynamics in such categories as resource creation, replication, propagation, exchange and leverage;
evolutionary dynamics in terms of resource variation, selection and retention; entrepreneurial dynamics in terms of resource
recombination and resource imitation, transfer and substitution; and industrial organizational dynamics in terms of resource
configuration, resource complementarities and resource trajectories. 相似文献
2.
3.
Marco Stimolo 《International Review of Economics》2012,59(1):67-80
In this paper, I provide a defence of Robert Sugden’s contribution to evolutionary game theory against Donald Ross’s accusation
of eliminating the individual’s autonomy by denying the explanatory role of rationality, utility maximization and rational
beliefs. In this regard, I claim that Sugden’s methodological remarks on evolutionary game theory do not imply a characterization
of real agents as automata. On the methodological level, Sugden claims that it is not correct to conceive the empirical phenomenon
of social evolution in terms of normative concepts, whose empirical status is not obvious. However, Sugden proposes a theory
that explains the agent’s behaviour in terms of inductive reasoning, adaptive beliefs, salience and pattern recognition. The
latter are psychological features that describe the way agents manage to self-determine their own actions. From these clarifications,
I draw the conclusion that Ross’s critique misunderstands Sugden’s contribution both on the methodological and empirical level. 相似文献
4.
By using Data Envelopment Analysis approach, we treat the health production system in a certain province as a Decision Making
Unit (DMU), identify its inputs and outputs, evaluate its technical efficiency in 1982, 1990 and 2000 respectively, and further
analyze the relationship between efficiency scores and social-environmental variables. This paper has found several interesting
findings. Firstly, provinces on frontier in different year are different, but provinces far from the frontier keep unchanged.
The average efficiency of health production has made a significant progress from 1982 to 2000. Secondly, all provinces in
China can be divided into six categories in terms of health production outcome and efficiency, and each category has specific
approach of improving health production efficiency. Thirdly, significant differences in health production efficiencies have
been found among the eastern, middle and western regions in China, and among the eastern and middle regions. At last, there
is significant positive relationship between population density and health production efficiency but negative relationship
(not very significant) between the proportions of public health expenditure in total expense and efficiency. Maybe it is the
result of inappropriate tendency of public expenditure. The relationship between abilities to pay for health care services
and efficiency in urban areas is opposite to that in rural areas. One possible reason is the totally different income and
public services treatments between rural and urban residents. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust health policies and service
provisions which are specifically designed to different population groups.
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Translated from Jingji Yanjiu 经济研究 (Economic Research Journal), 2006, (7): 92–105 相似文献
5.
This paper focuses on financing the welfare state expenditures in the UK. It offers a comprehensive analysis of social expenditures
and taxes paid by the working population families, and an estimation of the net benefits received by them. While the subsequent
analysis of the welfare state and its development primarily concentrates on the British experience, it has a broader application
to other OECD countries. The UK as the most egalitarian “liberal market economy,” offers an interesting case for the study
of the interaction between the welfare state expansion and economic growth. In terms of her capitalist economic structure,
(interaction between market and economy) she is relatively closer to the USA and other Angelo-Saxon (liberal market) economies.
In terms of her level of social expenditures, she is much closer to the European “social market economies” than the USA and
other more egalitarian “liberal market economies.” 相似文献
6.
Pavel Pelikan 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2012,22(1):1-8
I thank Geoffrey Hodgson and Thorbj?rn Knudsen for their thought-provoking response to my latest generalization of Darwinism,
and welcome their proposal to cooperate, after many years of our independent searches. I agree with them that our searches
contain more similarities than both they and I had previously seen, but consider our remaining differences—especially in the
terms employed and in the definitions of the terms we both employ, including “information,” “instructions,” “programs,” and
“Lamarckism”—more important than they do. Their response also exaggerates or distorts some of my arguments. All this needs
to be clarified before our cooperation can start. 相似文献
7.
Nicholas S. Vonortas 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(1-2):243-271
Research joint ventures (RJVs) have been widely acclaimed for their alleged ability to restore private incentives to undertake
R&D. Economists have, however, also sounded the alarm concerning the opportunities RJVs may create for collusion between partners.
The danger of anti-competitive behavior increases significantly when repeated R&D collaboration occurs between firms that
also “meet” in many product markets. This phenomenon is shown to be present in a large set of U.S.-based RJVs. The question
is about the incentive trade-off: Are the alleged advantages of RJVs in terms of enhancing incentives for R&D sufficient to
overcome the potential disadvantages in terms of decreasing incentives for R&D due to simultaneous multiproject and multimarket
contact? Significant foreign participation, high technological and market uncertainties, and the set up of “porous” RJVs may
operate as a check to anti-competitive behavior. 相似文献
8.
Synopsis It has been difficult to make progress in the study of ethnicity and nationalism because of the multiple confusions of analytic
and lay terms, and the sheer lack of terminological standardization (often even within the same article). This makes a conceptual
cleaning-up unavoidable, and it is especially salutary to attempt it now that more economists are becoming interested in the
effects of identity on behavior, so that they may begin with the best conceptual tools possible. My approach to these questions
has been informed by anthropological and evolutionary-psychological questions. I will focus primarily on the terms ‘ethnic
group’, ‘nation’, and ‘nationalism’, and I will make the following points: (1) so-called ‘ethnic groups’ are collections of
people with a common cultural identity, plus an ideology of membership by descent and normative endogamy; (2) the ‘group’
in ‘ethnic group’ is a misleading misnomer—these are not ‘groups’ but categories, so I propose to call them ‘ethnies’; (3) ‘nationalism’ mostly refers to the recent ideology that ethnies—cultural communities
with a self-conscious ideology of self-sufficient reproduction—be made politically sovereign; (4) it is very confusing to
use ‘nationalism’ also to stand for ‘loyalty to a multi-ethnic state’ because this is the exact opposite; (5) a ‘nation’ truly
exists only in a politician’s imagination, so analysts should not pretend that establishing whether something ‘really’ is
or is not ‘a nation’ matters; (6) a big analytic cost is paid every time an ‘ethnie’ is called a ‘nation’ because this mobilizes
the intuition that nationalism is indispensable to ethnic organization (not true), which thereby confuses the very historical
process—namely, the recent historical emergence of nationalism—that must be explained; (7) another analytical cost is paid
when scholars pretend that ethnicity is a form of kinship—it is not. 相似文献
9.
This paper argues that an adequate approach to the firm should be able to accommodate the complexities of actual firm development.
The latter is conceptualized in terms of three general stages: prime movers or drivers of change, change processes, and change
attractors. Furthermore, any “real-world” firm is both a technical and an institutional unit. To emphasize the importance
of “real firm” analysis, the discussion presented here revolves around an understanding of the much considered case of General
Motors and Fisher Body integration has developed over time. Generalization from this case suggests that an integrated view
of the firm is necessary that combines the three stages and the two bases (technical and institutional). Six general perspectives
on the firm are identified as having technical or institutional bases that are relevant in each of the three stages. This
integrated approach to the firm is explored in terms of the general topic of firm development. It is concluded that, without
an integrated approach to firm development, a potentially biased or incomplete analysis can result. 相似文献
10.
The relationship between urbanization and commodity circulation: a theoretical and positive research
Weilong Yan 《Frontiers of Economics in China》2006,1(2):220-233
“Town” and commodity circulation are two closely interrelated concepts. A town is born through the exchange of commodities;
it is formed by an increase in trade efficiency. The trade efficiency caused by the density of economy is the standard of
rationalization of the town scale. The development of a town promotes the development from simple commodity circulation to
developed commodity circulation, while the difference in the level of urbanization is an important reason for differences
in the circulation level. Therefore, the strategy of being guided by circulation will be a basic way to push forward urbanization
healthily in China.
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Translated from Economic Research Journal (经济研究), 2004,(2) (in Chinese) 相似文献
11.
Gerard J. van den Berg A. Gijsbert C. van Lomwel Jan C. van Ours 《Empirical Economics》2008,34(3):477-491
In this paper we simultaneously analyze transitions from unemployment to employment and to nonparticipation. We estimate a
dependent competing risks model with nonparametric specifications of the destination-specific duration dependence and unobserved
heterogeneity terms, allowing for mutual dependence of the unobserved heterogeneity terms. We use an administrative data set
covering all registered French unemployed over the period 1988–1994, stratified by gender type, duration class and exit state.
We thank the Editor and three anonymous referees for their useful comments. A preliminary version of this paper was distributed
under the title “Individual variation in exit rates from unemployment: a nonparametric multivariate analysis using aggregate
data”. The Département de Marché du Travail of the Ministère du Travail, de l’Emploi et de la Formation Professionelle of
France kindly provided the data. 相似文献
12.
This paper examines international competitiveness of China’s manufacturing industry during the period of 1980–2004 from a
multilateral perspective in terms of purchasing power parities, relative price levels, labor productivity and unit labor costs.
The various measures of PPPs in China’s manufacturing industry are found to be approximately 3.7 RMB per international dollar
in the base year 1997. Since the mid-1980s, the relative price of China’s manufacturing products has been declined and is
the lowest compared with the US, UK, Germany, Japan and South Korea. The unit labor cost is found to show a declining trend
with some fluctuation. The labor productivity of China’s manufacturing industry is relatively low and is found to converge
with other countries since 1992.
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Translated from Economic Research Journal (经济研究), 2005, (12) (in Chinese) 相似文献
13.
Translator's note: In this article Robert Bayer introduces thenotion regulation as a key concept in analysesof the labour market. The term refers to the balance of social,institutional and economic forces which characte rise at a particulartime the economic system as a whole or particular parts of it.I considered translating regulation as order,regime, system or formation;but these terms are either too static or already bear inappropriateconnotations. It was therefore decided to retain the Frenchexpression in the English text. 相似文献
14.
In this paper we look at the manner in which ideas coming from complexity science change our understanding of the cognitive
powers of agents that is really necessary to explain the evolution of markets and of firms. The general ideas behind complex
systems dynamics and evolution are presented and then two examples are treated in detail. The first in an evolutionary model
of a market in which some new product is developed by competing firms and their “task” is to find a strategy in terms of quality
and price that will be sustainable. This essentially requires agents/firms to discover mutually compatible strategies, and
to create thereby sustainable market niches. The second example considers the internal structure of firms, in terms of their
constituent working practices and skills. It demonstrates that it is precisely their ignorance of the consequences of adopting
any particular practice that generates diversity in the emergent capabilities of firms, exploring the dimension of potential
demand and therefore leading to a successful and sustainable business sector. The work supports the notion that the cognitive
abilities that are involved are not about deduction and logic, as a traditional view of rationality might suggest, but are
about the development and contraction of interpretive frameworks, which will be different for each player. The paper links
these examples to a general recognition of the idea that complex, multi-agent systems evolve through successive “structural
attractors”—multi-dimensional dynamical systems—with temporary structural stability. Because real systems contain both the
structure and deviations from it, then there is a constant probing of structural stability and the possibility of qualitative
change to a new structural attractor. This resembles the ideas in biological evolution related to “punctuated equilibria,”
but it also links this to the idea of emergent and evolving networks of interaction, never of course near thermodynamic equilibrium.
相似文献
15.
Adopting a simplistic view of Coase (J Law Econ 3:1–44, 1960), most economic analyses of property rights disregard both the key advantage that legal property rights (that is, in rem rights) provide to rightholders in terms of enhanced enforcement, and the difficulties they pose to acquirers in terms of information asymmetry about legal title. Consequently, these analyses tend to overstate the role of “private ordering” and disregard the two key elements of property law: first, the essential conflict between property (that is, in rem) enforcement and transaction costs; and, second, the institutional solutions created to overcome it, mainly contractual registries capable of making truly impersonal (that is, asset-based) trade viable when previous relevant transactions on the same assets are not verifiable by judges. This paper fills this gap by reinterpreting both elements within the Coasean framework and thus redrawing the institutional foundations of both property and corporate contracting. 相似文献
16.
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between a firm’s R&D activities and its productivity using a unique
micro data panel dataset and looking at sectoral peculiarities which may emerge; more specifically, we used an unbalanced
longitudinal database consisting of 532 top European R&D investors over the 6-year period 2000–2005. Our main findings can
be summarised along the following lines: knowledge stock has a significant positive impact on a firm’s productivity, with
an overall elasticity of about 0.104; this general result is largely consistent with previous literature in terms of the sign,
the significance and the estimated magnitude of the relevant coefficient. More interestingly, the coefficient increases monotonically
when we move from the low-tech to the medium-high and high-tech sectors, ranging from a minimum of 0.03/0.05 to a maximum
of 0.14/0.17. This outcome suggests that firms in high-tech sectors are still far ahead in terms of the impact on productivity
of their R&D investments, at least as regards top European R&D investors. 相似文献
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The paper examines the effect of freer North–South trade in goods on pollution, commodity terms-of-trade and national welfare,
utilizing a factor endowment framework. North and South are distinguished in terms of the relative endowment of a pollution
causing natural resource: South is relatively more resource abundant. Compared to the analysis of Copeland and Taylor (1994)—which
is the central work so far on this subject—this paper internalizes the commodity terms-of-trade impact of individual environment
policies. It is derived that if countries specialize completely in the free-trade equilibrium, both are induced to reduce
their pollution as compared to autarky. It is interesting and paradoxical that the South also reduces its pollution, despite
specializing in the pollution-intensive good. Again, contrary to common perception, free trade may entail an overall terms-of-trade
loss for the North, while South will always have a positive change in the terms-of-trade. Finally, inspite of better environment,
free trade may cause both the countries to gain or lose in terms of aggregate welfare.
This research has benefitted from comments received at the conference on International Dimension of Environment Policy organized
by the European Science Foundation and Tilburg University, October 7–12, 2000 Kerkrade, The Netherlands and the International
Conference on Environment and Development organized by CITD, School of International Studies, JNU, April 7–8, 2005, New Delhi,
India, as well as those received from two anonymous referees. A small section of this research was published in Mehra and
Das (2002). 相似文献
20.
This paper develops a model of the relationship between public sector employment, total output and aggregate real demand
in market prices, where public employment has a positive productivity effect on private output. Public employment crowds out
private employment and output because its increase induces higher wages and taxes. The valuation of government output is also
taken into account. While public employment affects total output and aggregate real demand in an a priori ambiguous way, numerical
simulations suggest that the relationship may be nonlinear; positive, when public sector is “small” and negative, when it
is “large”. Using the annual data from 22 OECD countries over the period 1960–1996 and estimating and testing for threshold
models and more commonly used specifications with multiplicative interaction terms give support to this nonlinearity hypothesis
between public employment and private sector output.
First version received: October 1996/Final version received: April 2000 相似文献