优化我国出口商品结构必须提高劳动资本存量

当全球金融危机导致各国对外贸易严重衰退时,我国在国际出口市场的地位不降反升。然而我国要尽快实现从贸易大国向贸易强国的转化,必须解决出口商品结构升级的问题。本文选取我国1990-2008年数据为样本,通过建立资本技术密集型产品出口额占比与劳均资本存量的线性回归模型和误差修正模型,实证分析后的结论显示:劳均资本存量的提高对促进我国出口商品结构的优化升级具有显著的促进作用。     

基于规模报酬可变的要素集聚与区域生产率增长比较研究

笔者研究了我国地区要素集聚以及由此导致的地区间全要素生产率的差异.通过计算各省就业密度和就业集中度指数发现,在我国的确存在地区劳动力集聚的情况.通过计算各地区的劳均资本存量的绝对差距指数和相对差距指数以及运用马尔可夫转换矩阵的分析,发现我国资本存量在省际间具有明显的两极化趋势.根据面板数据模型估算的结果发现不同地区要素集聚的规模弹性效应差异很大,并且中、西部地区的规模弹性效应对全要素生产率增长的贡献高于东部地区,表明东部地区已经出现要素集聚过度的特征.     

鲍莫尔假说与中国劳动力流动——一个多部门的经济增长模型分析

本文从鲍莫尔的成本病说起,建立了一个多部门的经济增长模型。首先从理论上通过模型推导出劳动力产业间流动的决定因素,然后利用协整方程解释了我国各产业间劳动力流动的机理和结构偏离问题。通过对我国1978-2006年的数据进行实证研究,发现我国三次产业中全要素生产率增长率最高的是第一产业,其次是第三产业。相对于平均水平的全要素生产率的增长会引起各产业就业份额减少;人均收入增长率的提高会导致第一次产业就业份额增长率的降低和二、三次产业就业份额增长率上升。第三产业的资本劳动比的增长最快。资本劳动比的增长对就业份额影响最大的是第二产业。资本劳动比每增加1%,将会使第二产业就业份额下降约0.44个百分点。     

农业劳动力再配置对区域经济收敛的影响——马斯科莱尔-拉赞模型的扩展研究和中国经验实证

笔者在马斯科莱尔-拉赞劳动力转移模型的基础上,研究了二元经济背景下农业劳动力在产业间的重新配置对区域经济收敛的影响,得出劳均产出增长率与初始非农就业比例之间呈倒U型关系的结论.然后,利用1983年～2010年中国省际面板数据进行了实证检验,结果发现:到上个世纪末,农业劳动力再配置对我国区域经济增长的收敛作用不显著;2000年以来,劳均产出增长率与初始非农就业比例之间才表现为倒U型关系,农业劳动力再配置对我国区域经济增长的收敛作用才逐步显现.     

我国人力资本投资对经济增长的贡献

本文在对人力资本与经济增长的文献综述的基础上,利用我国统计年鉴中有关经济、教育数据计算我国人力资本存量与物质资本存量,并利用有效劳动模型和人力资本外部性模型,估计我国人力资本对经济增长的贡献,发现在我国经济增长过程中,物质资本存量的作用更为关键,而且人力资本投资对经济增长的外部性作用明显。     

要素结构与效率变化对经济增长的效应分析

经济增长可分解为就业总量、结构、资本效率和劳均资本变化的效应。通过收集大量数据,分析劳动力、资本配置结构和效率,发现在1979~1992年经济增长为粗放型,主要依靠劳动力增加;在1993~2012期间则依靠资本扩张,就业结构和资本效率变化对经济增长的效应很低甚至为负。建议大力发展第二产业吸纳剩余劳动力,增加第三产业就业,扩大第一产业投资,提升第一产业劳动生产率,强化技术创新提高资本效率,实现经济内涵式增长。     

数据要素对劳动和资本的配置效应：机理分析与实证检验

本文通过构建包含互联网平台主体的新凯恩斯DSGE模型,探究了数据要素变革劳动和资本要素配置的机理,并利用动态面板模型实证检验了数据要素成本、数字化技术创新与数据要素质量影响就业、投资和资本装备率的真实效应。研究表明：数据要素成本降低使得完全竞争条件下的产品价格走低,价格效应短期挤出劳动,长期挤入资本,提升资本装备率;数字化技术创新提高了全要素生产率,要素重组升级引致效率变革,通过替代效应促进就业、降低投资,降低资本装备率;数据质量改进通过协同效应稳定和扩大就业,阻止资本无边界的扩张,降低资本装备率。本文厘清了数据要素对劳动和资本单个要素及其比例关系的配置效应和作用机理,为制定数字经济背景下的就业与投资政策提供了决策参考。     

我国经济发展中的资本深化过程及其就业效应

本文通过对1978-2005年我国资本--劳动比、资本--产出比的实证分析显示,90年代以来,我国经济发展存在明显的资本加速深化过程.回归分析扣协整检验的结果显示,资本深化对就业具有挤出与补偿的双重效应,一方面资本深化降低了就业的增长率,对就业产生挤出效应;另一方面资本深化带来的劳动生产率提高,通过增加劳动者收入,促进第三产业的发展,增加对劳动力的需求,对就业产生同接补偿效应.     

我国劳动收入份额影响因素及变化原因——基于省际面板数据的检验

本文分析了我国劳动收入份额下降的因素,并运用1993-2004年的省际面板数据构造了一个计量模型。实证结果表明,我国劳动收入份额下降的主要原因是要素替代弹性、二元经济引发的巨大就业压力和政府长期以来的重视资本忽视劳动的政策取向。这些发现意味着,随着"刘易斯拐点"的到来,初次分配中劳动份额可能进入上升通道,政府大力发展服务业、重视劳动者利益的政策调整则有助于加快这一进程。     

县域经济增长中结构红利的测度及决定——基于中国1820个县面板数据的实证分析

产业结构升级是经济增长的源泉之一。本文基于中国1 820个县的面板数据,采用Translog生产函数估计要素弹性,进而测度县域经济增长中的结构红利,同时构建空间误差计量模型对结构红利的影响因素进行检验。研究结果表明2002—2010年间,结构红利占县域GDP总值的4.44%,对县域GDP增长的贡献达到了24.35%。劳均资本、劳均土地等变量对结构红利有显著影响,本文还发现,在东部、中部、西部三个地区,财政支出占GDP的比重对结构红利都有显著的负向影响。     

Global Defeminization? Industrial Upgrading and Manufacturing Employment in Developing Countries

Globalization has for decades been associated with a rise in the female share of employment or feminization. This study finds that since the mid 1980s, export growth in developing countries is associated with feminization in some countries and a defeminization in others. Focusing on Southeast Asia and Latin America, it uses a fixed-effects econometric model to test whether the technological conditions of production (labor or capital intensity) rather than export growth account for shifts in the female share of employment in manufacturing. It finds that the capital intensity of production, evidenced by shifts in labor productivity, is negatively and significantly related to shifts in the female share of employment in manufacturing, while exports are statistically insignificant. The study concludes that an anti-female bias exists in labor demand changes that result from output or employment shifts in developing countries when manufacturing becomes more capital intensive, a process likely related to industrial upgrading.     

就业增长、投资与初次分配中的劳动报酬占比

本文通过生产函数和联立方程模型,发现在非农就业增长、投资和劳动报酬占比之间存在着密切的相互联系和影响:在劳动力从农业部门转移到现代部门的过程中,由于未能获得与其边际产出相等的工资报酬,使得劳动报酬占比下降而资本所得份额上升,资本所得份额的上升促进了投资,投资的增加保证了非农就业的持续增长。我们通常把劳动报酬占比下降和高投资率视为中国经济失衡的表现之一并给予特殊关注,但是,本文所揭示的劳动报酬占比变化的内在机制不仅反映了中国经济增长的一些典型特征,也表明高投资率和劳动报酬占比下降并不是经济失衡的表现,它们是非农就业增长的必然结果,也是保证非农就业持续增长的关键原因。劳动报酬占比的下降虽然恶化了居民之间的收入分配,却是中国经济模式所必须经历的发展阶段。     

The Output Contributions Of Computer Equipment And Personnel: A Firm-Level Analysis

This paper examines the output contributions of capital and labor deployed in information systems (IS) at the firm level during the period 1988–91 throughout the business sector, using two different sources of data on these inputs. Our production function estimates suggest that there are substantial excess returns to both IS capital and IS labor. Computer capital and labor jointly contribute, or account for, about 21 percent of output, although only about 10% of both capital and labor income accrue to IS factors. Although IS employees accounted for a very small share of total employment by 1986, IS employment growth is estimated to have made a larger contribution to 1976–86 output growth than non-IS employment, due to the very rapid growth (16% per annum) of IS employment. The estimated marginal rate of substitution between IS and non-IS employees is 6: one IS employee can be substituted for six non-IS employees without affecting output.     

技术进步偏向对要素收入份额的影响——基于中国工业行业数据的研究

本文利用CES生产函数考察了技术进步偏向与资本一劳动收入份额比值之间的关系,并利用中国工业1979—2011年的数据进行了实证分析。估计结果表明：中国工业的要素替代弹性大于0小于1;资本增强型技术进步变化率小于劳动增强型技术进步变化率,1987年后工业技术进步为劳动节约型的,资本一劳动收入份额比值提高;资本深化、技术进步偏向、外商直接投资以及国际贸易是我国工业资本收入份额持续上升、劳动收入份额持续下降的主要原因,其中劳动节约型技术进步对要素收入份额失衡的影响最大。工业要素分配份额的演变直接体现了国民收入分配格局的失衡,也间接拉大了我国居民之间的收入差距。     

我国经济发展方式非均衡特征及优化的政策选择——基于人力资本投资低水平“陷阱”视角的分析

本文以人力资本视角分析我国经济发展方式转变及促进经济可持续性的政策选择。研究表明,人力资本投资在发达国家经济增长方式转型中具有主导性的作用,而改革开放以来我国人力资本投资对经济发展的作用已经落入低水平陷阱,经济发展依赖于物质资本及低端劳动力的数量投入,人力资本与物质资本呈现非均衡特征,而且出现就业压力严峻与人力资本短缺并存的现象,物质资本与人力资本不匹配、人力资本投资结构与人才需求结构错位,以及收入分配与人力资本投资不足等问题日益凸显,经济发展可持续性受到挑战。对此,我国应明确人力资本投资对经济发展方式转变的重要作用和地位,通过增加教育投入、放宽教育准入制度及收入分配改革等渠道,实现人力资本投资的快速增长,促进经济发展方式的优化。     

Falling Labor Share and Rising Unemployment: Long–Run Consequences of Institutional Shocks?

The literature on unemployment has mostly focused on labor market issues while the impact of capital formation is largely neglected. Job creation is often thought to be a matter of encouraging more employment on a given capital stock. In contrast, this paper explicitly deals with the long–run consequences of institutional shocks on capital formation and employment. It is shown that the usual tradeoff between employment and wages disappears in the long run. In line with an appropriation model, the estimated values for the long–run elasticities of substitution between capital and labor for Germany and France are substantially greater than one.     

政府财政行为对劳动收入占比的影响——基于2004—2011年中国省级面板数据的实证分析

运用广义矩估计法(GMM)并利用2004—2011年中国省级面板数据,考察了中国政府的财政收支行为及其他相关因素对劳动收入占比的影响,并对实证结果进行了稳健性检验。研究结果表明:政府的财政支出行为与劳动收入占比的关系曲线呈显著的倒U型,在样本观察期内两者正相关,引入时间虚拟变量后政策效果更加明显;政府的财政收入行为对劳动收入占比的影响为负;第三产业占比、资本深化、劳动保护等因素对劳动收入占比具有正向影响,人力资本、对外贸易等因素对劳动收入占比具有负向作用。     

Factor‐biased public infrastructure and wage inequality

This paper analyzes how factor‐biased public infrastructure affects the skilled–unskilled wage inequality. In the basic model with a full employment economy, we find that when the weighted dependence of skilled labor and capital in the urban skilled sector on public infrastructure is large enough relatively to that of unskilled labor and capital in the urban unskilled sector, the wage inequality will be expanded. We also discuss labor‐biased and capital‐biased public infrastructure in our framework, and find that the relative dependences of relevant labor or capital on public infrastructure are important determinants of wage inequality. In the extended models, we analyze separately the issue of wage inequality in the economy with unemployment and the totally open capital market, and find the results of the basic model almost still hold.     

Immigration and remittances in a two-country model of growth with labor market frictions

We present a North-South model with labor market frictions and labor migration to study the dynamic implications of workers mobility on employment, capital accumulation and welfare. In the baseline model, the Northern country is able to control immigration flows by setting a cap on the number of foreign workers. We find that, despite an increase in migration displaces native employment in the short-run, a permanent raise of the migration cap stimulates capital accumulation, improves labor market conditions and increases social welfare in the long run. In an extension of the model, we also test the long-run effects of a pro-employment protectionist policy consisting in imposing a distortionary tax on immigrant employment. We find that the protectionist policy in North, while increasing national welfare, damages the macroeconomic performance of the domestic economy and is not effective in improving native employment.     

The effects of technological development on the labor share of national income

In this article, we analyze the effects of increasing automation in production processes on the labor share of national income. For the analyses, we use the DSGE model which contains both the physical capital and the human capital accumulation equations. We improve the model by defining productivity variables for both investment-specific technology and educational activities. In all simulations of the model except base scenario, we give more positive shock to the investment-specific technology compared to the educational activities. In each new simulation, we augment the difference between the shocks to determine the effects of increasing automation on the labor share of national income. The results show that increasing the shock difference decreases the labor share of national income, and this confirms the decline in the labor share of national income in both developed and developing countries since the 1980s.