数字能力对公司创业的影响研究——竞争强度的调节效应

公司创业对企业成长、价值增值、生产边界扩大至关重要，现今数字能力极大地颠覆了传统创业逻辑，学界呼吁对“数字时代下公司创业”问题展开研究。基于资源编排理论和数字跳升逻辑，对240份问卷进行实证分析，探究数字能力对公司创业的影响作用以及竞争强度对二者关系的调节作用。研究结果表明：①数字感知能力、数字运营能力、数字协同能力均可以正向影响公司创业，但数字感知能力的作用最为明显，其次是数字协同能力，最后是数字运营能力。②竞争强度增强了数字感知能力、数字运营能力、数字协同能力对公司创业的正向影响。结论的实践启示是：若企业自身要开展公司创业，则应首先注重数字感知能力的培育；若企业要防御其他公司进行相同领域的公司创业，则应首先关注数字运营能力的培育。本文对数字能力3种表现形式内在逻辑的打开，有利于企业针对性地分配资源和精力。     

中国企业海外投资的市场进入战略浅谈

随着中国加入世界贸易组织（ＷＴＯ） ,中国经济对世界经济依赖程度将越来越大。中国的企业也将面临更多更强的竞争 ,这些激烈的竞争不仅来自纷纷涌入国内市场的海外跨国企业 ,也来自海外市场各种国外企业的竞争。本文通过借鉴日本跨国公司市场进入战略以及分析我国海外投资企业所存在的问题 ,初步探讨了我国企业海外投资应采取的市场进入战略。希望能对即将或已经进行海外投资的中国企业有一点小小的启发。１日本跨国公司市场进入战略的经验与模式日本在第二次世界大战后 ,于２０世纪６０年代开始海外拓展 ,７０年代加快步伐 ,８０年代“全…     

基于双种群演化理论的本土集群内企业转型升级与高端突破研究

转型升级是本土制造企业可持续发展的重要途径,现有研究较多关注升级过程中本土企业遭受在华跨国企业打压而陷入的“低端锁定”或“升级悖论”。基于演化理论视角,通过构建模型来阐释本土企业与在华跨国企业双种群演化和竞争均衡。结果发现,传统集群内企业升级过程中会与在华跨国企业形成机遇和挑战共存的双种群演化态势,从而为后续集群内企业实施转型升级和赶超策略提供了理论依据和实践指导。     

我国企业跨国经营的本土化发展战略研究

近几年我国的跨国公司发展迅速，跨国企业如何发展逐渐成为社会关注的焦点。如果跨国公司带有许多来自母国的政治、经济和文化色彩，那么很容易受到东道国的排斥、猜疑与限制，这样会制约跨国企业的发展。因此只有实现从中国企业到“东道国企业”的转变，增强企业参与国际竞争的能力，才能使我国跨国企业在东道国的发展立于不敢之地。本文就针对本土化经营战略的一些具体措施进行了一些研究。     

浅论现代企业全面质量管理

1961年美国通用电气公司质量经理菲根堡姆（A．V．Feigen-bantu）首次提出了“全面质量管理”（TotMQuMityManagement，简称TQM）的概念。全面质量管理就是“通过全体员工的参与，改进流程、产品、服务和公司文化，以达到生产百分之百合格的产品，实现客户满意，从而获取竞争优势和长期成功”。菲氏全面质量管理的观点在全世界得到了广泛的接受。1978年，全面质量管理的理念开始在我国推广，主要经历了试验阶段、推广阶段和普及阶段。全面质量管理理念的推广普及，对提高我国企业的产品质量起到了推动作用。加强对全面质量管理的理论探讨和实践应用，对于进一步增强我国企业的市场竞争能力具有十分重要的现实意义。[第一段]     

信息化建设宜快不宜慢

企业信息化是指企业在生产和经营的各个环节上推广应用信息技术,充分开发和利用信息资源与人力资源,建立与此相适应的组织模式,从而提高企业生产、管理和决策的效率,增强企业竞争力。企业信息化的根本目的是在建设传统产业与发展高新技术产业的过程中,不断提高企业的开发创新与经营管理能力。一、企业对信息化的需求1.WTO的挑战。WTO给我国企业参与国际市场提供了客观条件,同时国外的大型企业也进入中国市场参与竞争。拥有完善管理技术和先进信息手段的跨国企业使竞争的档次逐渐升高,竞争的节奏也渐渐变快,这给国内企业带来了较大的压力,…     

价格战与企业核心竞争力

企业核心竞争力（The Core Competence of the Corporation）是由美国密执安商学院普拉哈德（C．K．Prahalad）教授和伦敦商学院哈默（GaryHamel）教授1990年在《哈佛商业评论》上发表的“公司核心能力”一文中提出,并就“核心竞争力”作为竞争优势的源示进行了精辟的描述和论证,1994年哈默与普拉哈拉德又发表专著《竞争未来》。他们认为,所谓核心竞争力是指企业内部经过整合了的知识和技能,尤其是协调各方面资源的知识和技能。     

战略管理在企业集团发展中的应用

大公司、大集团的概念误区当前我国政府正在实施大公司、大集团战略,但对于大公司与大集团的定义却存在一些误区。例如有人认为,大公司是单独经营单位的大型企业,大集团是多企业的联合体,没有什么相互联系;还有人认为,大公司管理就是过去的大工厂管理,而集团管理则是工厂式管理加上“对企业的管理”。实际上,在我国,“企业集团”的概念有一个演变过程。总体上可以概括为早期的“层次说”和现在的“资本说”。“层次说”的概念是将企业集团这一经济联合体划分为几个层次：核心层（集团母公司）、紧密层（母公司控股企业）、半紧密层…     

留住公司的核心员工

当今世界，以高科技为龙头的新经济日新月异，知识经济的到来和世界经济一体化的日趋发展，使企业最短缺，最重要的资源不再是资金，而是高水平的人才，鉴于此，各个国家、各个地区、各个企业间最关键、又最常见，最公开、又最隐秘的竞争就是对人才的争夺，这场人才争夺战的销烟早燃及我国，近几年间，全球几乎所有知名的世界级大公司如微软、英特尔、IBM、惠普、宝洁、摩托罗拉、爱立信……竞相在北京开设了争夺中国本土人才的研究院所，随着中国“入世”，跨国企业将随之大量涌入，预示着我国企业面对的将是空前激烈的人才竞争，因而能不能吸引、留住公司的人才，将成为企业应对未来竞争的关键。     

企业文化的中性与张力—基于旭日集团企业文化调查的思考

在中国激烈竞争的饮料市场上“旭日升”的崛起，被誉为一个奇迹，“旭日升”现象，引发了中国企业如何参与竞争，并在激烈的市场竞争获得生存与发展的关注与思考，旭日升的腾飞，是多种因素共同促进的结果，以差异化的高科技产品为基础的品牌战略，通过资本运营带动资产重组的低成本扩张战略，扁布全国的市场营销网络，独具特色的经营方式与企业文化，都对企业的发展与腾飞发挥重要作用，本文以：旭日”集团的企业文化为案例，初步探讨企业文化）本身中性的）如何长期保持张力（持续增长能力）的问题。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.