三峡库区(重庆段)森林水土保持服务功能价值研究

以三峡库区重庆段为研究对象,采用机会成本法、影子工程法、替代工程费用法等研究方法,核算了三峡库区重庆段的森林水土保持服务功能价值。森林生态系统服务功能中的水土保持服务功能研究结果表明:三峡库区重庆段森林水土保持服务功能总价值为14.802亿元/a,其中减少土地损失的价值为203万元/a、减轻泥沙淤积的价值为1196万元/a、土壤肥力保持价值为14.662亿元/a。为正确的核算三峡库区绿色GDP提供一定的借鉴意义。     

宝天高速公路天水段永久性征地与临时性用地所造成生态系统服务价值损失评估

据估算,宝天高速公路建设过程中永久性征地和临时性用地所造成的生态系统服务价值的损失分别为249.34万元/a和190.45万元/a;修路过程中造成小陇山林区森林生态系统服务价值的损失分别为109.74万元/a和127.72万元/a,分别占小陇山林区森林生态系统服务价值的0.0105%和0.0122%,四大林场森林生态系统服务价值总和的0.0455%和0.0530%。由于修路过程中所造成的森林生态系统服务价值的损失很小,所以不会对小陇山林区及四大林场的森林生态系统的生态服务功能造成很大影响。     

峡江县森林涵养水源和保育土壤价值核算

以最新发布的《中国森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》为依据,根据2009年峡江县二类森林资源调查资料,对峡江县森林生态系统的涵养水源(调节水量、净化水质)、保育土壤(固土、保肥)等生态服务功能价值进行初步核算,核算结果,峡江县森林生态系统涵养水源价值为30.55亿元/a,保育土壤价值为872.64万元/a。     

上海九段沙湿地国家级自然保护区生态系统服务价值评估

上海九段沙湿地国家级自然保护区是长江口受到人类干扰最少、生态系统相对处于原生状态的湿地,在分析九段沙湿地生态系统特征和服务基础上,构建了生态系统服务价值评估指标体系,利用上海市第二次湿地资源调查(2011—2013年)成果及其他数据资料,应用市场价值法、影子工程法、成果参数法等方法,评估了九段沙湿地生态系统服务价值,结果表明,九段沙湿地自然保护区生态系统服务总价值约409 638.92万元,单位面积价值为10.04万元/(hm~2·a),供水蓄水、大气净化、防风消浪等调节服务价值最高,分别占总服务价值的28.9%、25.9%、21.8%,对长江口海域资源环境及生物多样性保护等具有重要调节功能。     

土地整治生态系统服务价值变化研究——以霍城县北山沟灌区萨尔布拉克镇土地整治项目为例

文章以伊犁河谷区霍城县北山沟灌区萨尔布拉克镇土地整治项目为例,从土地整治活动引起的土地利用变化入手,采用生态系统服务价值法和敏感性分析法将土地整治引起的生态系统价值变化进行定量化分析。研究结果显示:案例研究区域土地整治后由耕地和农田基础设施用地增加引起的生态系统服务价值的增加量为528.84万元/年,而由其他草地和裸地面积减少带来的生态系统服务价值的减少量为380.23万元/年,二者相抵后,案例区由土地整治引起生态系统服务价值增加了148.62万元/年。土地整治前后土地利用类型的变化,导致研究区各土地类型的ESV和各单项生态服务价值均有发生变化。     

井冈山国家级自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能价值测度

应用生态学和生态经济学原理及方法对井冈山国家级自然保护区生态系统服务功能价值进行了定量评价。结果表明:井冈山国家级自然保护区森林生态系统每年生态服务功能总价值为11.2998亿元/a,其中直接经济价值和间接经济价值分别为0.8952亿元/a和10.4047亿元/a,间接经济价值是直接经济价值的11.62倍。     

森林生态系统服务功能对经济社会的贡献研究——以广西西江经济带为例

依据《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1721-2008)对西江经济带进行森林生态系统服务功能评估,得出2015年西江经济带森林提供的服务功能价值平均为7. 8万元/hm2,森林生态系统服务功能的总价值为5 103. 7亿元,对该区域的国民经济贡献巨大,并对区域的生态安全和工农业发展起到了重要支撑作用。     

山西屏峰山景观资源旅游价值评估研究

文章以山西屏峰山景区为研究对象,通过问卷调查,采用条件估值法(CVM)对山西省屏峰山景区景观资源的旅游价值进行了评估研究。结果表明,通过参数法和非参数法计算,得到景区门票的最大支付意愿(WTP)均值为90.81元/人,观光车票的WTP均值为48.58元/人,其他各类游憩活动的WTP均值为37.73～100.16元/人不等。结合屏峰山景区2020年后逐年预估游客量,计算得到屏峰山景区开放初始年(2020年)的旅游价值总量为5538.20万元,2030年的旅游价值总量为46831.03万元～70033.33万元。     

吉林省湿地生态系统服务价值评估

为科学评估吉林省湿地生态系统最终服务价值,在遥感调查和实地调查的基础上,综合运用生态经济学方法,针对吉林省湿地特点建立吉林省湿地生态系统服务价值指标体系和方法体系,以小班为单位估算吉林省湿地生态系统服务价值。结果显示,吉林省湿地生态系统服务总价值为2 161.93亿元,湿地提供的平均价值为12.71万元/hm~2,其中供给服务功能的价值为436.46亿元,占总价值的20.19%,调节服务功能价值为1 116.64亿元,占总价值的51.65%,支持服务功能价值为417.64亿元,占总价值的19.32%,文化服务功能价值为191.19亿元,占总价值的8.84%,反映出吉林省湿地在发挥直接经济效益的同时,还兼具巨大的生态效益和社会效益。     

基于LUCC的庐江县生态系统服务功能价值变化

计算得到2013年安徽省单位面积生态系统服务功能价值表,估算2009~2013年庐江县土地生态系统服务价值,并分析土地利用/覆被变化对其生态服务价值的影响。研究表明:(1)土地利用/土地覆被变化主要表现为除耕地以外的非建设用地的减少,而建设占用是这种减少的最主要原因,尤以2012年度为甚。(2)生态系统服务总价值逐年递减,总减少量约为5490万元,年均减少约1373万元。其下降主因是水域、湿地、林地的减少。(3)生态系统服务功能价值主要集中在水域、耕地和林地之中。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.