不同项目治理模式对示范区农户带动的影响——以农业标准化示范区项目为例

[目的]农业试点示范项目的实施在我国由来已久,其治理模式和制度体系正面临转型,发挥市场主体的能动性,辐射带动更多小农户参与标准化生产,尤为重要。[方法]以农业标准化示范项目为例,探讨示范项目治理模式的转型及对示范区农户的带动机理,并基于301个示范区的调研数据,实证分析不同项目治理模式对示范区农户带动的影响。[结果]我国农业标准化示范项目正在经历从政府主导模式向市场主导模式的转变;市场主导的治理模式在带动农户直接参与标准化生产方面,要优于政府主导的治理模式;具体而言,市场主导模式中,“公司+中介组织+农户+基地+标准”模式,要优于“公司+农户+基地+标准”模式。此外,该研究进一步发现,农业标准化宣传、产业化程度、技术准入门槛、集约化程度、农业机械化水平等因素同样会影响示范区农户带动。[结论]因此,应更好地发挥市场作用,撬动更多社会资本,鼓励新型经营主体参与、承担示范项目,并提升中介组织的协调和推广能力,从而积极形成市场导向的多元治理格局。     

绿色经济视角下嵩县主要矿山综合绩效评价

绿色经济和可持续发展理念的兴起要求企业在绩效评价的过程中要更加注重综合绩效,随着绿色矿山概念的兴起,矿山绩效评价也更加关注环境的治理保护和资源的综合利用。从经济产出绩效、综合开发与利用绩效、环境治理绩效三个方面构建了矿山综合绩效评价指标体系,并综合使用层次分析法和熵值法,对河南嵩县18个主要矿山的综合绩效进行了评价。结果显示,嵩县主要矿山的整体绩效都偏低,大部分矿山在综合开发利用绩效与环境治理绩效方面都比较差,建设绿色矿山的任务依然十分繁重。     

基层农业技术推广人员的考核激励机制与其推广行为和推广绩效——基于全国14个省42个县的数据

本文在分析农业技术推广人员考核激励机制作用机理的基础上,以全国14个省42个"水稻科技入户示范县"的基层农业技术推广人员为研究对象,对基层农业技术推广考核激励机制的现状及其对推广人员行为和绩效的影响进行了分析。结果显示,"水稻科技入户示范县"已逐渐建立了农业技术推广人员的考核激励机制;这一考核激励机制对农业技术推广人员的行为和绩效有显著影响,以农户为调查对象、以客观指标为评价标准的考核能够显著改进其推广行为,提高其推广绩效;不同激励模式的激励效果存在较大差异,激励机制的设计应遵循"适度"和"相容"原则。     

上海郊区大力建设蔬菜标准化生产基地

“十五”期间，上海先后在蔬菜基地建立了国家级农业标准化示范区7个，面积达41500亩；市级标准化生产示范点15个，面积3126亩；区县级示范区58个，面积达28668亩；建立标准化示范企业136个，建立蔬菜安全监管和标准化示范乡镇57；建成全国无公害蔬菜生产基地县（区）3个。     

示范合作社的农业标准化效应——基于ESR模型的计量分析

本文基于全国典型地区350份有效合作社的调查数据，使用内生转换回归模型实证检验示范合作社的农业标准化效应。研究发现，示范社具有显著的农业标准化效应，即合作社的示范认证显著增进了农业标准化。示范社对农业标准化的影响机理表现为，示范社在土地、资金和技术等要素上具有明显优势，通过基地的标准化生产发挥示范效应，带动成员进行标准化生产，并对成员的农业标准化行为进行控制，进而推动农业标准化实施。进一步研究发现，不同级别的示范社对农业标准化的增进效应存在较大差异，国家级和省级示范社对农业标准化的增进效应显著高于市县级示范社。此外，示范社对新生代社长和有基地合作社农业标准化的增进效应更大。基于此，本文提出加强示范社动态监测、加强示范社自身建设、培育优质示范社基地和加快农业标准化规则完善等政策建议。     

海南省蔬菜产业对现代农业发展的影响研究

文章剖析海南省蔬菜产业与现代农业发展现状,其中对蔬菜产业主要是从蔬菜产业结构构成、蔬菜产业集中度、蔬菜产业竞争力方面进行分析;对现代农业发展则主要从农业国内生产总值及农村家庭人均纯收入、农业生产条件、农业生产效果方面进行分析。在此基础上,分别确定了海南省蔬菜产业和现代农业发展的指标体系。对蔬菜产业指标体系从区域蔬菜产品生产能力、区域蔬菜产业化的基础、农业资源、蔬菜生产条件等4个方面确立7个指标;对现代农业发展指标体系从农业外部条件、农业本身生产条件、农业生产效果等3个方面建立6个指标。选取2000~2014年相关指标的统计数据,运用spss22.0及因子分析法确定人均蔬菜产量与人均地区生产总值为主变量,并运用灰色关联分析确定二者的相对关联度为0.61,充分说明海南省蔬菜产业对其现代农业发展具有重要影响,并提出做强做大本地蔬菜特色产业,促进现代农业发展;优化蔬菜产业结构,促进现代农业发展;延长蔬菜产业产业链,促进现代农业发展;加快蔬菜产业产品的品牌建设,提高蔬菜产品品质,促进现代农业发展等策略。     

广开恩路 再创浙江示范区建设新局面

对浙江省农业区域开发示范区建设的三个阶段进行了总结,分析了新形势下示范区建设的四种类型,阐述了几年来浙江省示范建设的基本做法与体会,并对今后示范区的建设提出设想和建议。     

森林生态补偿绩效研究综述与展望

森林具有公共物品的非排他性与非竞争性特征,森林生态补偿在解决市场机制失灵造成的外部性、调节森林生态保护的利益相关者之间利益关系等功能方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。文章回顾了我国森林生态补偿的制度建设及其发展过程,综合梳理了森林生态补偿绩效的评价指标体系与评价方法、森林生态补偿绩效的评价结果及其影响因素等研究进展发现,由于学者对森林生态补偿绩效的评价指标与评价方法运用的不一致,导致了评价结果出现较大的差异。因此,森林生态补偿绩效研究应该更加关注社会效应指标的完善、补偿效率测算的效应滞后性和补偿制度的可持续性等问题。     

休闲农业评价指标体系研究综述

休闲农业作为一产和三产融合发展的一种新型业态,一直以来都是国内外学者高度关注的研究课题,特别是20世纪90年代之后对休闲农业评价研究文献大量涌现,且研究方法日渐成熟。基于上述背景,文章通过查阅1992~2016年间国内外休闲农业评价指标体系建设研究文献,从自然条件、经营策略、官方支持等3个方面对国内外学者关于休闲农业评价方法进行归类,并逐一总结其评价对象、评价方法、评价过程、指标选取的方法与原则。研究结果表明,休闲农业指标评价体系建设须从更宏观的层面加强顶层设计;评价指标应根据实际情况及时动态调整;评价指标选取及单项指标赋值须注重全面覆盖。     

天津市农业现代化技术示范区建设规划设想

结合天津农业现代化建设过程中,国内外农业高新技术消化、创新、推广的力度不够的问题,从指导思想、总体目标、布局、示范技术选择、发展对策、措施几个方面对建设天津农业现代化技术示范区提出规划设想。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.