论单纯资源丰富国家的经济劣势

自然资源是人类赖以生存和发展的重要条件,是经济发展的物质基础。作者认为,丰富的资源在一定程度、一定时间内会在促进一国经济发展中起决定性作用,但一味依靠资源的经济肯定无法取得长期的、稳定的发展,尤其是发展中国家单纯资源丰富会成为严重制约其经济发展的劣势。文章在列举发展中国家单纯资源丰富的五大劣势及其具体表现的基础上,提出了如何将资源优势转化为经济优势的办法。并针对具体国情指出我国在这方面应采取的三项主要措施。     

社区自然资源管理的基本要素及政府的作用

社区自然资源管理作为一种将自然资源的可持续利用与社区居民的经济及福利水平提高相结合的管理方式得到了很多国家的重视,特别是发展中国家,在实践中也摸索出一些经验教训。社区自然资源管理突出了社区成员在资源管理整个过程的参与及主体地位,强调社区的决策管理权和受益权。通过简要介绍社区自然资源管理的概念及其基本要素,并分析政府在社区资源管理模式中应发挥的作用,希望对中国资源管理的可持续发展有所借鉴。     

资产评估的公允价值与林木资产入账计价

自然资源是社会经济发展的物质基础,资产是会计核算的基本要素,将自然资源作为一项资产来经营和管理是目前中国经济研究中普遍关注的一个热点问题.     

论我国农业持续技术系统的发展

论我国农业持续技术系统的发展顾江传统农业和现代农业不同的是，持续性农业发展战略追求经济发展的持续性，即在保护生态环境的前提下，实现经济发展的连续性和稳定性。这包括两个方面：一是农业自然资源供应数量的维护。这里，农业自然资源范畴强调的是其总量及其固有质...     

贵州农村经济发展应走出“三个误区”

一、走出见物不见人的资源误区。一些地方领导在思考一个地区经济发展问题时，始终存在一个误区，即将资源特别是自然资源作为经济发展的决定因素。事实上，自然资源是经济发展的一般条件。不论在我国还是在外国，自然资源丰富而经济落后的例子举不胜举。从国外情况来看，东亚的“四小龙”都没有什么自然资源，但他们利用丰富的人力资源，通过出口导向的战略，实现了资源转换和经济发展。而不少非洲国家资源都比较丰富，但没有能够充分利用这些资源的体制和合适的战略，经济仍然比较落后。在我国珠江三角洲地区，粮食主要靠外地输入，但全国…     

中国自然资源优势观的重构

自然资源比较优势观是引发中国区域经济增长处于“西部经济增长动力不足和因西部经济发展过缓而使东部产业升级速度放缓”的“两难境地”的主要原因。因而要破除传统自然资源比较优势观,以新经济增长理论为基础构建自然资源竞争优势观。构建自然资源优势观的过程表现在三个方面:①自然资源价值观在人们思维中逐渐形成;②自然资源增值观的形成;③资源要素的经济系统观的形成。     

西方发展经济学的基本理论

发展经济学是研究发展中国家经济发展和变化的学科。发展经济学不仅研究经济成长、发展模式、投资、金融、市场、农业等问题,还研究人口、教育,价值观念与经济发展的关系等问题。近些年来,发展经济学更注重研究发展中国家在发展道路上遇到的障碍,比较各种发展模式,寻求解决办法等问题,因此,发展经济学也就是研究发展中国家经济和社会发展战略的学说。 发展经济学从本世纪50年代初产生到现在,在理论上非常活跃。各个发展经济学家从不     

国土规划中自然资源综合评价问题初论——以河南省焦作经济区国土规划为例

区域资源是由区域自然资源、经济资源、社会资源组成的。三种资源既有明显不同属性的区分,又有其内在的和历史的联系。而其中自然资源是区域资源中最基本和最重要的组成部分,也是区域社会经济发展和国土规划的基础。可以说,一个地区社会经济发展的现状,发展水平和今后发展的方向以及区域战略目标的确立和实现,在很大程度上取决于区域自然资源和自然条件的优劣。     

自然资源对我国少数民族经济发展的影响

我国各个地区的发展都离不开自然资源,尤其是在少数民族地区,自然资源起到了非常关键性的作用。基于此,本文主要对当前我国在自然资源方面存在的困境进行分析,也了解自然资源对少数民族地区发展的影响,探索出更加适宜少数民族地区经济发展的主要方式。     

大连市经济发展与自然资源的关系

从自然资源与经济之间的关系来研究经济可持续发展,通过计量经济分析方法建立经济发展和耕地面积以及经济发展和供水量之间的关系模型,并用来预测大连市2007-2010年的耕地面积与供水量,在此基础上提出促进该市经济与自然资源可持续发展的对策措施.     

Impact and implications of price policy and land degradation on agricultural growth in developing countries

In many developing countries, a high proportion of the population resides and works in rural areas. Agriculture is the dominant sector in rural areas and has the greatest concentration of poverty: landless workers, small tenant farmers, and small farm owners. Thus, any development strategy that is directed towards increasing employment and alleviating a country's hunger must concentrate on sustainable agricultural growth. Historically, economic development in most countries has been based on exploitation of natural resources, particularly land resources. Soil erosion and land degradation have been serious worldwide. Due to reasons such as high population pressure on land and limited fossil energy supplies, land degradation is generally more serious in the developing world. Empirical studies show that soil erosion and degradation of agricultural land not only decrease the land productivity but they can also result in major downstream or off-site damage which may be several times that of on-site damage. In promoting industrialization, governments of many developing countries adopt a package of price and other policies that reduce agricultural production incentives and encourage a flow of resources out of agriculture. Increasing evidence shows that these policies cause a substantial efficiency or social welfare loss, and a great loss in foreign exchange earnings. In addition, a World Bank study on the effect of price distortions on economic growth rates concluded that neither rich resource endowments, nor a high stage of economic development, nor privatization are able to make up the adverse effects caused by high price distortions. This analysis is primarily concerned with identifying the factors that determine the agricultural production growth rate and in testing the effects these factors have on agricultural growth in developing countries. Specifically, this study involves statistical estimation of an aggregate agricultural growth function based on cross-country data for 28 developing countries. Special attention is devoted to land degradation and agricultural pricing policy, and to the policy implications resulting from the effects these variables have on agricultural and food production growth. The overall results of this study show that price distortions in the economy and land degradation had statistically significant negative impacts while the change in arable and permanent land was positively related to the growth of agricultural production and food production in 28 developing countries from 1971 to 1980. These results emphasize the importance of ‘getting prices right’ and implementation of sustainable land and water management practices if future growth in food and agricultural output is to be realized and sustained in developing countries.     

浅谈以西部资源为依托促进资源转换走可持续发展道路

西部资源的潜在优势及其目前的开发状况是西部大开发的基础 ,西部地区自然资源的开发还要面临新的挑战。合理开发利用资源 ,走可持续发展道路 ,变潜在的资源优势为现实的经济优势 ,这是西部大开发的方向。文章并探讨了促进资源转换的发展对策。     

试论浙南贫困山区的资源开发与发展对策

本文通过对浙南贫困山区自然资源和社会经济环境的综合分析,提出了本区开发应走“倾斜式”的非均衡发展道路,并根据模式导向确定了本区应重点开发的6大支柱产业及其基本布局设想,以及区域开发应妥善处理的几个关系问题。     

International trade and agricultural development in developing countries: Significance of the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations

Liberalization of world trade in agricultural products ranks high on the agenda of the Uruguay Round. After a period of more than six years, however, the negotiations have not been concluded. Nevertheless, an outcome seems to be in sight. The agreement will most likely not result in a move to freer trade. It seems that domestic policies will become even more regulative than in the past in an attempt to cut exportable surpluses and to ease trade tensions among the main exporting nations. This paper explores possible impacts of the GATT Round on agricultural development in developing countries. Agricultural development is more than only growth in agricultural production or productivity. However, it is argued in the paper that other variables which also indicate agricultural development are often closely correlated with growth in production and productivity. Trade in agricultural products is not always an engine for agricultural development. If internal divergences are not accounted for by appropriate domestic policies, trade may be even harmful to agricultural development. Hence, empirical research based on cross-country analysis does not provide a clear answer about the role of trade for development. Past policies in industrialized countries have most likely had a negative effect on developing countries as a group; however, the effects differ widely across countries. Liberalization policies in industrialized countries would not just reverse these negative effects for developing countries. Price reduction in industrialized countries may not result in the often-cited production decline in the short term. Present X-inefficiency in agriculture will be reduced by liberalization, leading to an outward shift of the supply curve. Hence, liberalization may not lead to higher world market prices for temperate-zone products in the short and medium term. Apart from this, empirical models differ widely in the price effects they predict. The expected outcome of the Uruguay Round – increased regulation of domestic policies – is likely both more negative for developing countries than past protectionist policies and worse than an overall liberalization. World market prices will increase, uncertainty and instability can be expected to grow, and food aid may become less available. There will be a need to react to these challenges with measures on the international and national level. Initiatives to deal with food crises in developing countries and to stimulate liberalization in developing countries should be considered. Finally, developing countries should be made aware that their own domestic policies have a much greater economic impact than policies in other countries, even if the latter are as protectionist as current agricultural policies in the industrialized world.     

Economic development lessons from and for North American Indian economies*

This paper reviews the literature on economic development as it relates to indigenous people in the United States and Canada, and focuses on how institutions affect economic development of reservation and reserve economies. Evidence shows that strong property rights to reservation and reserve land and natural resources, whether communal or individual, are and always have been important determinants of productivity. Political and legal institutions that are perceived as stable and predictable to tribal members and to non‐Natives also improve economic opportunities for indigenous people living on reservations and reserves. Research reviewed here also shows that culture and acculturation are important in the development process. Although our emphasis is on North America, the findings are applicable to indigenous people in other parts of the world and shed light on growth questions that loom large for developing countries around the world.     

Poverty,food intake,and malnutrition: implications for food security in developing countries

The relation between household income, food intake, and nutritional status in less developed countries is examined, and a framework that explicitly relates household behavior patterns with public policy options designed to improve the nutritional status of the rural and urban poor is presented. For rural areas, nutritional and health status depends largely upon the levels of private inputs provided by households. In turn, level depends upon income. Consequently, increasing income may also lead to improvements in nutrition and health status. Regrettably, post-World War II development strategy in most developing countries has undervalued the potential contribution of agricultural development to economic development. Domestic economic policies practiced thus far have most probably had serious negative effects upon the nutrition and heal status of the poorest segments of developing nations. Economic development policy reform is therefore called for as a measure to alleviate rural poverty in developing countries.     

以人才资源开发与管理实现地勘单位经济发展

文章从人才资源开发与管理的角度,阐述了地勘单位的经济发展必须建立在人才资源的科学开发与管理上。人才资源是第一资源,是基础资源,是开发配置和利用其它资源的资源。人才资源开发与管理水平的高低,决定着对其它资源开发配置与利用水平的高低。文章同时还指出了在管理上和经营上应避免的四个误区,以及和发达国家相比而存在着的差距,并对此提出了对策与建议。     

国外农业安全资源保障体系建设的经验及借鉴

农业自然资源是农业乃至人类社会赖以生存和发展的物质基础和根本保证,保障农业资源安全是各国经济发展过程中面临的共同任务。该文在分析美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、以色列和中国台湾农业资源安全保障体系的内容和特点的基础上,总结了这些国家农业安全资源保障体系的共同特点和经验,认为这些正是中国在构建自己的农业综合生产能力安全资源保障体系过程中,值得学习和借鉴的。     

Foreign direct investment‐facilitated development: the case of the natural gas industry of Trinidad and Tobago

Since the last decade, governments in less‐developed countries have increasingly viewed foreign direct investment (FDI) as a catalyst for economic growth and transformation. The early literature argues that FDI‐facilitated development occurs when a less‐developed country assimilates, adapts and diffuses the positive externalities arising from the interaction of the multinational enterprise's (MNE) ownership advantage with its locational attributes. This paper, however, posits that FDI‐facilitated development is not an effortless process. It occurs only when host developing‐country governments implement intervention policies that are aimed at increasing indigenous technological capabilities. These policies enhance the absorptive capacity of host countries, allowing them to capture the spillovers arising from the MNE activities. The paper explores this for Trinidad and Tobago, a recipient of substantial FDI inflows in its natural gas industry for the last decade. It shows that FDI‐facilitated development only occurs when governments in less‐developed countries pursue credible intervention policies.