耕地保护政策执行力的测度与评析

研究目的：从执行力角度出发，基于PSR模型定量评价中国耕地保护政策的执行力及其区域差异，为提高耕地保护绩效提供技术支撑。研究方法：灰色关联分析法和协调度函数。研究结果：耕地保护政策执行力可用耕地保护PSR系统协调度来表征；耕地保护政策执行力的区域差异明显，执行力最高为黑龙江，其水平为1.7799，最低为海南，其水平为1.5518，平均水平为1.6291。研究结论：耕地保护政策执行力与区域经济规模扩展水平和耕地资源禀赋差异具有较强的相关性。在耕地保护过程中，应充分考虑区域的差异性，把土地利用分区和土地利用收益分配结合起来，并通过建立区域间的利益补偿机制，矫正耕地保护政策执行较好区域的外部经济损失问题。     

中国土地用途管制制度的耕地保护绩效及其区域差异研究

研究目的:定量分析中国土地用途管制制度的耕地保护绩效及其省际差异,探讨耕地保护绩效的可提升潜力空间,以期为该项制度的坚持与完善提供实证依据.研究方法:虚拟变量模型法.统计分析法.研究结果:运用虚拟变量模型,采用基本建设投资作为变量因子,定量研究了土地用途管制在全国尺度的耕地保护绩效;构建耕地保护绩效系数ICLPE,据此定量分析了耕地保护绩效的省际差异;依据综合指标对中国30个省区的耕地保护绩效进行了4级分级.研究结论:中国土地用途管制制度有效阻滞了建设占用耕地的速度,对于缓解人地矛盾,保证粮食安全,有积极作用,值得充分肯定,应长期坚持;耕地保护绩效表现出明显的省际差异,应继续完善该项制度,进一步提升耕地保护效率.     

提高基层行信贷执行力

提高信贷执行力,要意识倡导,营造执行氛围;优化培训,提升执行能力;完善机制,增强执行保障。基层农发行处于业务发展的最前沿,是政策制度的执行层。根据近年总、分行信贷检查通报情况看,基层行信贷制度执行大多存在屡查屡犯、屡改屡犯的现象。究其原因,关键在于信贷制度执行力不够。     

面向新时代的耕地保护矛盾与创新应对

研究目的:基于新时代耕地保护面临的新形势,分析耕地保护所面临的新矛盾,为支撑2035年基本现代化的耕地保护战略提供政策建议。研究方法:文献梳理法、对比分析法和统计分析法。研究结果:通过系统梳理改革开放以来中国耕地保护目标及其演进,结合新时代耕地保护所面临的美好生活高要求、贸易争端复杂性和气候变化不确定性的新形势,揭示中国耕地保护在美好生活需要、生态文明要求、农业技术进步和全球耕地利用等方面存在不平衡不充分的新矛盾。研究结论:耕地资源的有限性短缺将是中国发展过程中需要长期关注的重大战略问题,中国耕地资源要素对于2035年基本现代化目标实现的支撑能力有待提升。为此,提出了相关应对策略,主要是:以格局优化统筹全国耕地资源保护新空间;以耕地生态健康提升耕地综合产能;以海外耕地资源布局和结构调整增强国家粮食安全。     

改革开放40年来中国耕地保护政策演变及优化路径

耕地保护是关系国计民生的头等大事,耕地保护政策在耕地保护中发挥着重要的保障作用。本文综合运用统计分析法和比较分析法对改革开放40年来中国耕地资源变化情况和耕地保护政策演变历程展开分析,探索耕地保护政策优化方向和路径。研究发现:改革开放40年来中国耕地数量阶段性增减交替,耕地质量下降明显;中国耕地保护政策演变过程可以以《土地管理法》的颁布、历次修订和《关于提升耕地保护水平全面加强耕地质量建设与管理的通知》的制定为关键节点,划分为概念性政策提出阶段、体系化政策探索阶段、体系化政策初建阶段、体系化政策完善阶段和"三位一体"政策强化阶段等5个阶段;在耕地保护政策演变过程中,耕地保护逐步实现了从政府意识到国家意志转变,从单一治标向体系治本转变,从政府主体向多元共治转变;耕地保护政策在体系完善、政策创新和执行到位等方面仍有改进的空间。对此,本文提出:耕地保护主体应从政府向农民转变,形成政府引导、农民主体和企业参与的耕地保护模式;推进耕地保护政策与利用政策有机统一;建立监测指标口径一致的耕地资源大数据管理平台;设立耕地保护专项基金。     

基于政策量化的中国耕地保护政策演进过程

研究目的:探讨中国耕地保护政策的演进特征和规律,为政策制定提供理论依据和支撑。研究方法:政策文献计量法和内容分析法。研究结果:中国耕地保护政策的政策力度不强、涉及范围较广、政策措施较为丰富、反馈机制不足、监督体系仍需完善;政策演进共经历了政策出台早期探索、体系建立探索、体系初步形成、体系基本完善、体系趋于成熟5个阶段,耕地保护内涵实现了"数量—数量、质量—数量、质量、生态"的转变;中国耕地保护政策的政策工具类型逐渐多样化,政策工具的内容逐渐具体、可操作性增强。研究结论:未来应提升政策的整体权威性,完善监督机制;健全多部门协同联动机制,强化"三位一体"保护;进一步丰富政策工具形式,提升耕地保护效率。     

中国耕地刚性管制与弹性调控框架构建

研究目的：剖析中国最严格的耕地保护政策实施中的新问题,构建耕地刚性管制与弹性调控政策框架,为中国耕地保护提供理论依据和实践方案。研究方法：文献综述法、归纳法、演绎法。研究结果：（1）新时代背景下中国耕地保护管控面临着耕地利用与质量建设分割、耕地保护手段单一、国土空间管控对立等新问题;（2）耕地刚性管制与弹性调控的目标为提高耕地质量抵抗力、保障非粮耕地恢复力和构造国土空间缓冲力;（3）依据数量、空间、利用方式的管理特征,形成耕地“四级分区”差异化的管控体系,通过全方位提高耕地质量提升耕地粮食总生产能力,实现“藏粮于地”,通过稳定生产和弹性调控,实现应对不同外部冲击情景下的耕地流量有序释放;（4）实现路径包括实施分区的全方位全流程的监测与治理,建立基于发展权和生态价值的补偿机制、“非粮化”复垦专项储备资金,设立保护性开发储备及应急复垦制度等。研究结论：构建中国耕地刚性管制与弹性调控框架,实现对现状耕地及潜力耕地分区差异化管控,可以有效应对外部风险冲击,在保障粮食安全的基础上,实现耕地资源的高效利用和管理,提高其利用效益,契合中国“藏粮于地、藏粮于技”战略。     

中国耕地保护制度70年：历史嬗变、现实探源及路径优化

研究目的:解构中华人民共和国成立以来中国耕地保护制度的嬗变过程,凝练政策演化的综合归因和隐性规律,廓清新时代耕地保护方向。研究方法:归纳演绎法和理论分析法。研究结果:(1)中国耕地保护制度经历了"意识觉醒—概念深化—制度发展—转型完善"的过程;(2)耕地保护制度的内涵变革呈现出从"数量"转变为"数量+质量",再跃迁到"数量+质量+生态"三位一体的均衡管理,完成了由"国策—基本国策—生命线—红线"的地位进阶;(3)耕地保护的现实障碍主要源于行政体制、资源本底、质量风险和生态健康4大逻辑本体。研究结论:耕地保护面临体制效能发挥不充分和区域空间不均衡的新矛盾,应加快形成"多元共同体+制度平台+科学测算+监管体系+学理认知"的耕地结构域保护多维交互优化路径,支撑新时代耕地保护政策体系的发育成长。     

巨型城市区域粮食生产影响因素的区域特殊性分析——以珠三角为例

本文以珠三角为例分析了1992—2008年中国巨型城市区域粮食总产和单产的主要影响因素和影响机理。研究表明,珠三角区域粮食播种面积是粮食总产的首要正向影响因素,耕地非农化比较效益对粮食总产及单产具有显著的负向影响,化肥、农药、农业机械总动力、灌溉、粮价不再是粮食生产的主要决定因素,2004年后耕地保护制度对粮食生产的促进作用明显下滑;能否充分调动地方政府的耕地保护积极性是影响珠三角粮食生产的首要因素,其次是农民的种粮积极性;必须执行更严格的耕地保护制度,耕地保护对象由"耕地"转向"可耕地",耕地管理目标由单纯的"粮食生产"转向"耕地多功能协调管理",耕地管理精细化,耕地利用规模化,可耕地农转非补偿标准应嵌入非农价值补偿。     

耕地保护共同责任机制构建

本文主要探讨我国耕地保护共同责任机制构建,以完善我国耕地保护制度,提高耕地保护的效率和效果。研究表明,中国耕地保护是包含保证粮食安全、保障社会稳定、保持生态安全的社会经济可持续发展的综合性目标体系。耕地保护的内容不仅包括耕地数量保护和耕地质量保护,还包括耕地空间保护和耕地环境保护。构建耕地保护的共同责任机制需要完善耕地动态监测及耕地保护监督制度、培育耕地保护文化、建立部门联动管理制度、完善耕地保护的委托代理机制、完善耕地保护考核体系和责任追究制度以及建立用地者节约集约的信用评价制度。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。