灌溉水价对农户行为的影响分析——以内蒙古河套灌区为例

水价作为水资源管理的有敢经济手段，灌溉水价的调整对农户用水行为产生一定的影响。从而诱导出农户的节水行为。本文以内蒙古河套灌区为例，分析了水费在农户农业生产成本中的比例，重点分析了灌溉水价调整之后，农户用水行为的变化，以及农户对灌溉水价的承受能力。最后提出了加强灌区水资源管理的政策性建议。     

农业水价政策作用的效果分析

面对日益严峻的水资源短缺和不断恶化的灌溉水利设施，政府与灌溉管理部门对农业用水价格政策寄予很高的期望。本研究在农业用水需求分析的基础上，通过对江苏省皂河灌区126户农户的实地调查，分析了农业水价政策的作用效应。研究发现，农业水价改革对农民与供水单位的节水行为没有影响，提高水价有利于增加供水单位收益，但却降低了农民的福利水平。     

新疆农业用水户水价承受能力分析

针对目前农业用水户水价承受能力尚未有统一标准的现实,计算新疆维吾尔自治区(以下简称新疆)南疆、北疆及全疆(全部新疆的简称)粮食作物及经济作物的收益和农业生产成本,分析农业用水户水价承受能力,结果表明,新疆种植粮食作物的农业用水户的水价承受能力为570元/hm2,种植经济作物的农业用水户的水价承受能力为1155元/hm2,全疆农业用水户水价综合承受能力为870元/hm2。     

中国农业节水的根本出路在制度创新

目前我国灌溉用水效率很低，农业节水成为可持续发展的热点话题和难题。有人把眼光放在节水设施和技术上，水利主管部门认为提高农业用水水价是解决水短缺问题的最有效手段，也可以大大减轻日益严重的供水单位的经济亏损问题。农业节水的着手点到底在哪里？笔者带着这个问题，到华北的S灌区进行了1周的预调查，得出中国农业用水的根本出路不在节水技术，也不在提高水价，制度创新才是农业节水的有力杠杆和出路。     

农业水价综合改革与农户承受能力研究——以江苏省苏北灌区为例

农业水价综合改革旨在运用价格杠杆调节水资源需求,促进农业节水增效,保障水利工程的良性运行。然而,农业属于弱质行业,农民属于弱势群体,农业水价改革必须考虑农户的承受能力。文章以江苏省苏北灌区为例,设计单边界两分式CVM问卷对水稻种植户进行调查,研究其对农业水价综合改革的支持态度和支付意愿。研究发现,多数农户对农业水价综合改革持支持态度,而农户的市场经济意识、对政府的信任度以及灌溉供水稳定性能显著提升支持度;灌区农户对农业水价的支付意愿介于49.1～57.7元/亩之间,农户虽具有一定的支付意愿,但各灌区改革后的执行水价要明显高于农户的心理承受能力,也接近农户经济承受能力的上限。据此,政府应协同推进水价提高、精准补贴和节水奖励措施,避免将农业水价综合改革等同于提高水价。     

农民用水户的农业水价承受能力研究

基于对3个典型地区68户农业用水户入户调查数据,采用支付意愿评估法分析农民用水户的水价承受能力问题。分析调查从家庭特征、水费支出情况、水费承受意愿以及对水价变动反应等方面分析和探讨了农业用水户面对不同水价政策变动的态度和应对措施。分析结果表明:水价变动对农民用水户的用水意愿和实际用水行为均能产生显著作用,其应对农业水价改革的决策行为是"理性的"和"利己的",国家制定的相关政策只有在能够充分考虑到农户的实际反应时才能发挥最大的政策效应。     

黄河下游用水户水费承受能力的调查分析

通过对黄河下游用水户水费承受能力的调查，并进行科学合理的水价决策分析，得出不管是农业用户还是工业及城镇用户对水价的上调均有一定的承受能力的结论。     

农业水价改革与农民承受能力研究

阐述我国农业水价改革的现状,分析水价改革后灌区运行情况,以河南省新乡市人民胜利渠农业水价改革为例,对北方灌区农业水价改革以后的运行情况以及农民对水价的承受能力进行了研究,对农业水价改革中有关供水成本的确定、农民承受能力、补偿办法提出了建议：完善基础设施建设,促进水价改革,确定供水的合理成本,充分考虑农民对水价的承受能力,确定合理的农业水价补偿办法。     

鄂尔多斯市黄河南岸灌区农业水价改革实例分析

以内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市黄河南岸灌区农业水价改革为例,分析灌区农业水价改革的必要性和影响,并提出确定农业初始水权,构建农业水价形成机制,建立农业用水精准补贴和节水奖励机制以及健全完善灌区量水设施等改革措施。     

灌溉用水效率及影响因素分析

本文阐述了生产技术效率测定的理论，并以河北省石津灌区为例，采用超越对数随机前沿生产函数和农户调查资料，对该灌区的生产技术效率、灌溉用水效率以及影响因素进行了实证研究。结果表明：石津灌区的灌溉用水效率远低于生产技术效率，平均灌溉用水效率为75．43％，说明在其他投入保持不变的情况下，达到目前的产量可减少24．57％的灌溉用水；而且灌溉用水效率与生产技术效率相比表现出较大的可变性。进一步的计量分析表明：提高渠水使用的比例、提高水价、采用节水灌溉技术以及建立用水者协会，对灌溉用水效率的提高均有积极作用。     

关于强化节水灌溉工程管理若干问题的探讨

针对节水灌溉管理中出现的问题,提出工程管理要与资源管理相结合,经营水工程要与经营水资源相结合,联合调度地表水和地下水,强化节水技术服务体系,强化监督控制和定量考核体系的相关建议。     

Formal and informal contract farming in Mozambique: Socially embedded relations of agricultural intensification

This paper explores the role of contract farming arrangements in agricultural intensification in sub-Saharan Africa, combining secondary literature and original case material from Mozambique. The paper extends the scope of “contract farming” beyond the formal contracts between large companies and small-scale producers to include less formal credit agreements between farmers and traders. It argues that such informal contract arrangements are evidence of farmers' agency in “real markets.” In the studied cases, farmers use contract farming opportunities to intensify agricultural production by investing in irrigation and inputs. While informal contracts typically concern locally consumed crops, thus with more possibilities for side selling than formal contracts for export crops with company-controlled markets, informal contract compliance reflects closely knit social ties between the contracting parties. In both formal and informal contracts, purchasers tend to seek out producers who are already irrigating, thus obtaining gains from farmers' earlier investments. This also implies contract farming as a mechanism for accelerating social differentiation arising from unequal access to irrigation. The paper argues that the significance of informal contracts in the studied cases raises the possibility that informal contract farming by local traders plays a more important role in agrarian transformation in Africa than formal contract farming by large companies.     

浅议灌溉管理制度改革

通过分析我国农业用水现状及存在的问题，提出借鉴国外灌溉管理制度改革，在吸收国外灌溉管理改革经验的基础上，提出我国灌溉管理进一步改革的建议。     

松嫩平原稻区防止次生盐渍化的研究

松嫩平原种稻区防止土壤次生盐渍化技术研究表明，合理灌溉，加强排水，增施有机肥，调控水盐平衡和肥盐平衡，是农业生产中的一个重要问题。通过旱改水稻稻治涝防止土壤次生盐渍化技术的研究，明确了井灌，渠灌，井渠结合灌溉对土壤次生盐渍化的影响。     

Forty years of irrigation development and reform in China

This study reviews 40 years of irrigation development in China including the transformation of the institutional and incentive structures in irrigation management. After rural reforms in the 1970s, irrigation investments slowed until the late 1990s. In North China, farmers became major investors in groundwater irrigation, leading to property rights’ transfer of tube wells from collective to private ownership. Despite positive effects in cropping patterns, farmer income and development of groundwater markets, privatisation has accelerated groundwater table deterioration. Since the middle of 1990s, Water User Associations have replaced village collective management of surface irrigation. This approach was adopted by most provinces by early 2001 with mixed results; only institutions with water‐saving incentives realised efficient irrigation. The Government is reforming water price policies to provide water‐saving incentives to farmers while not hurting their income. While China has focused on water rights and markets, and despite regulations and pilot projects, full implementation of water rights has been slow. Research reveals greater policy scope for expanding irrigation technologies that generate real water saving to rural areas. Given pressure associated with water scarcity and concern for food security, further effective reforms in irrigation and policy incentives are expected. The Government has also initiated some pilot projects to resolve increasing water scarcity problems through adjusting agricultural production activities.     

中国传统灌溉工程及技术的传承和发展

中国兴修灌溉工程的历史悠久，积累了丰富的工程技术经验。文章认为我国人民因地制宜创造的传统灌溉工程类型，如引水渠道、陂塘堰坝、陂渠串联、圩垸、井灌、御成蓄淡等在现今皆得到了继承。传统的灌渠工程技术、塘堰和开发地下水工程技术、圩田和海塘工程等许多卓越技术在现今也得到传承和发扬。在阐述以上事实的基础上进一步分析总结了传统工程及技术继承的特征、要点，及改造利用的途径与意义。     

Block-Rate versus Uniform Water Pricing in Agriculture: An Empirical Analysis

In this article we adapt Burtless and Hausman's (1978) methodology in order to estimate farmers' demand for irrigation water under increasing block-rate tariffs and empirically assess its effect on aggregate demand and inter-farm allocation efficiency. This methodology overcomes the technical challenges raised by increasing block-rate pricing and accounts for both observed and unobserved technological heterogeneity among farmers. Employing micro panel data documenting irrigation levels and prices in 185 Israeli agricultural communities in the period 1992–1997, we estimate water demand elasticity at −0.3 in the short run (the effect of a price change on demand within a year of implementation) and −0.46 in the long run. We also find that, in accordance with common belief, switching from a single to a block-price regime, yields a 7% reduction in average water use while maintaining the same average price. However, based on our simulations we estimate that the switch to block prices will result in a loss of approximately 1% of agricultural output due to inter-farm allocation inefficiencies.     

Implications of recent changes in Californian irrigation systems

This paper explains how, in view of competing demands for water in the western USA, the theme of water allocation and management has emerged as a vital political issue. In the Californian case, technical improvements in irrigation have extended the cultivated area and maintained productivity increases, and such developments have created the need for policy research. The author evaluates irrigation efficiency for both surface flow and sprinkler techniques, with particular reference to large-scale automated sprinkler systems, and concludes that a farmer's decision to apply developments in irrigation is strongly influenced by the requirements of energy conservation and efficient water management. The most significant issues likely to affect agricultural water demands over the next decade are identified.     

Impacts of climate change on lower Murray irrigation*

This article evaluates irrigated agriculture sector response and resultant economic impacts of climate change for a part of the Murray Darling Basin in Australia. A water balance model is used to predict reduced basin inflows for mild, moderate and severe climate change scenarios involving 1, 2 and 4°C warming, and predict 13, 38 and 63% reduced inflows. Impact on irrigated agricultural production and profitability are estimated with a mathematical programming model using a two‐stage approach that simultaneously estimates short and long‐run adjustments. The model accounts for a range of adaptive responses including: deficit irrigation, temporarily following of some areas, permanently reducing the irrigated area and changing the mix of crops. The results suggest that relatively low cost adaptation strategies are available for a moderate reduction in water availability and thus costs of such a reduction are likely to be relatively small. In more severe climate change scenarios greater costs are estimated. Adaptations predicted include a reduction in total area irrigated and investments in efficient irrigation. A shift away from perennial to annual crops is also predicted as the latter can be managed more profitably when water allocations in some years are very low.