黑龙江省各地区经济发展与环境污染状况的聚类分析

基于主成分分析和聚类分析,对黑龙江省13个地市的经济发展和环境污染状况进行计量分析,并根据两组主成分分析结果分别计算了环境污染和经济发展的综合得分;根据综合得分情况,运用聚类分析对其进行分类,划分为4类;依据得分情况和聚类结果,对黑龙江省13地市的环境与经济协调发展状况进行综合评价,为相关科研工作者和决策者提供参考。     

黑龙江省林业循环经济发展水平评价研究

首先根据循环经济的"3R"原则和黑龙江省林业循环经济发展的实际情况,建立了林业循环经济发展水平评价指标体系;然后依据黑龙江省2001年到2011年的指标数据,运用主成分分析方法,综合分析出黑龙江省林业循环经济总体发展趋势,并从资源消耗、资源循环利用、社会和经济发展、生态环境4个方面分阶段评述了黑龙江省林业循环经济的发展水平,浅析了各阶段取得成效和存在问题的原因。     

黑龙江省国有林区森林资源循环利用模式研究

依据黑龙江省国有林区森林资源现状,根据循环经济理论与3R原则,在森林资源、林地资源的复合基础上,构建国有林区木质资源与非木质资源的循环利用模式,以便将有限的森林资源和废弃物作为一种循环使用的原材料,形成一种"森林资源—产品—再生资源"循环利用的发展模式。     

黑龙江森工林区循环经济优化模式设计

结合现代林业理论与可持续发展战略,探讨黑龙江森工林区发展循环经济的必要性,运用SWOT分析法筛选出优势、劣势、机会和威胁因素,探讨循环经济优化发展的战略组合和指导思路。基于SWOT分析结果与科学设计原则,进行黑龙江森工林区循环经济优化模式设计,提出企业内部循环模式、企业间循环模式、林区社会参与模式等三种优化型循环经济发展模式。     

黑龙江省发展循环经济存在问题及对策

发展循环经济是实现区域可持续发展的理想模式,本文在分析黑龙江省经济发展过程中所面临的资源状况与环境问题基础上,提出了发展循环经济在发展观念、市场机制、产业结构和技术研发等方面存在的问题,并针对存在的问题给出了相应的对策。     

云南省元阳县林业资源评价与林业区划

本文以森林资源二类调查为主要信息源,结合野外调查和统计分析,研究1985~2005年云南省元阳县林业资源的时间演变规律,并选用森林覆盖率、单位面积蓄积量、Shan-non-Wiener 指数等因子对其林业资源空间分异格局进行分析,同时,选取16个林业发展影响因子,运用主成分分析和聚类分析方法测度该县各乡镇林业发展水平的差异,进而将全县林业划分为四个发展区域,并根据各分区林业生产现状确定各分区发展方向。     

基于统计回归模型的黑龙江大小兴安岭林业经济增长动力分析

为发展黑龙江大小兴安岭地区林业经济,发展区域林业经济优势产业,构建出有利于整合大小兴安岭地区森林资源的森林生态城市带。利用统计回归模型对黑龙江大小兴安岭地区林业经济增长动力进行分析,运用SPSS19.0软件得出现阶段该地区林业经济增长的主动力为林业第一产业,同时测算出林业三次产业内部增长动力。根据黑龙江大小兴安岭地区林业经济发展的实际情况,给出提升区域林业经济增长动力和促进林业经济发展的建议。     

贵州省区域经济差异的时空分异格局研究

以县级区域作为研究单元,以人均GDP为量度区域经济时间差异的变量指标,运用标准差和变异系数分析1978-2009年来贵州区域经济差异的时间演变规律,同时,选取11个经济发展指标,运用主成成分和聚类分析方法测度贵州82个县(市)经济发展水平的差异,并根据经济发展综合得分将其分为发达地区、次发达地区、欠发达地区和落后地区四...     

重庆市农业循环经济发展水平评价

[目的]作为新兴农业发展模式,农业循环经济是有效促进农业与农村可持续发展的重要途径,文章基于"4R"原则对重庆市农业循环经济发展水平进行综合分析和评价,以期为重庆市农业循环经济可持续发展提供一定的启示。[方法]采用层次分析从资源减量投入、资源循环利用、资源环境安全、经济社会发展水平4个方面综合评价重庆市农业循环经济发展水平的情况,得出了权重值并进行分析。[结果]重庆市农业循环经济发展的整体趋势稳中有进,大体可以分为两个阶段,2012—2014年发展趋势较为缓慢但整体呈上升趋势,2014—2015年发展速度显著提升,2015年后又趋于稳定。在4个影响方面中,资源的循环利用属于核心因素,对农业循环经济的影响作用最大,其主要体现在农业生产生活污水再生利用率、农户沼气池普及率及复种指数等方面;而资源减量投入指标与环境安全指标作用相当,在农业循环经济发展过程中应注重对农用药品物品(农药、化肥、农膜)的使用强度控制、农村用电强度、农业能耗指标控制以及人均耕地面积等方面的控制。相对而言重庆市社会经济的发展对农业循环经济的影响较小,推动力较弱。[结论]重庆市发展农业循环经济的4点对策与建议:(1)建设农业循环经济技术支撑体系,开拓技术型市场;(2)调整农业循环经济产业新政策、新结构;(3)完善农业循环经济相关法律法规体系;(4)建设农业循环经济信息平台,加大信息透明力度。     

低碳经济视域下中国省级区域绿色创新能力评价分析——以黑龙江省为例

低碳经济视域下,区域经济发展模式由单纯追求经济指标、资源依附型转变为降低能耗和环境污染、民生最佳化的科技创新型发展模式。研究构建了由绿色创新投入能力、绿色资源与环境友好能力、企业绿色创新能力、绿色创新产出能力4个一级指标、13个二级指标、34个三级指标组成的区域绿色创新能力评价指标体系,运用2012~2016年中国省级区域面板统计数据,对不同省区绿色创新能力进行定量评价和聚类分析,并以黑龙江为个案研究。结果表明:中国各省区域绿色创新能力总体呈现不均衡特征,最高等级只有北京,而河北、山西、黑龙江等11个省区均处在最低等级。结合黑龙江省实际,提出旨在强化区域绿色创新能力的对策建议。     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

The Real of Community,the Desire for Development and the Performance of Egalitarianism in the Peruvian Andes: A Materialist–Utopian Account

The paper proposes a materialist–utopian perspective for explaining the persistence of community in the Andes by drawing upon Lacanian theory and the thought of the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui. What characterizes the Andean comunidad are not notions of belonging and identity, but the existence of a fundamental antagonism (what I call the ‘Real of community’). The argument unfolds ethnographically. Usibamba, a peasant comunidad in the central Peruvian Andes, is known as a highly egalitarian and disciplined comunidad. However, a disjunction exists between deep‐seated aspirations of justice and egalitarianism and the particularistic interests of families and individuals. This disjunction manifests itself in a contradictory, schizophrenic regime of discipline and negotiation that produces ‘split subjects’. Desiring development and the staging of theatrical performances of egalitarianism enables Usibambinos to deal with this disjunction and to present an image of unity and determination. I conclude that the comunidad persists through ‘impossible political acts’ brought about by a residual but growing category of landless comuneros who constitute ‘the part of no part’, the uncounted or unnamed.     

边缘旅游地开发研究——以赤峰市为例

边缘旅游地正逐渐成为旅游发展研究的热点之一;在阐述边缘旅地形成机理的基础上,分析了赤峰市旅游业边缘化的原因及表现;对边缘旅游地赤峰市的旅游业开发进行可行性分析,提出摆脱旅游业边缘化的对策和措施,强调必须紧紧依托周边京津冀辽等核心旅游地,注重区域间的优势互补,借助周围核心旅游地的优势扩大赤峰市的旅游市场,在边缘地树立大旅游观念,同时依据赤峰市自身的资源优势不断开发特色旅游产品、打造品牌,积极培养优秀的旅游人才。     

天津地热资源可持续开发利用对策

天津有着十分丰富的地热资源,至2003年底,已有地热井235眼,年开采量2701万m3。但地热资源利用率最高为62.4%,地热尾水回灌率不到8%,基本是一种粗放的开发利用模式。文章从实现地热资源可持续开发利用角度出发,针对天津地区不同热储层的特征,提出适宜的利用方式,提高地热利用率。而且指出必须走回灌开发道路,增加回灌井,提高回灌率是实现地热资源可持续开发利用的重要保障。     

Projections of maize yield vulnerability to droughts and adaptation options in Uganda

Sub-Saharan Africa is likely going to experience more intense and frequent droughts with high parallel possibilities of ramifications on maize yields. While there is a lot of scholarship dwelling on the ramifications of droughts on maize yields at the level of Africa, little has been researched at lower scales. This study presents past (1960–2014) vulnerability of maize yields to droughts based on a previous study (Epule et al., 2017) and projects the future vulnerability of maize yields to droughts by calculating the sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity of maize yields to droughts for the period 2015–2050. The results show that maize yields are more vulnerable in the north of Uganda for the period 1960–2014. However, adaptive capacity is higher in the south. Maize yields also record higher levels of sensitivity and exposure in the north with the latter patterns explained by variations in precipitation, temperature, rich volcanic soils, access to rivers and lakes. In terms of future vulnerability for the period 2015–2050, this study shows that the level of vulnerability of maize yields to droughts in Uganda will increase to levels higher than what currently obtains. For example, the vulnerability index will increase from 0.54 under the 1.5 °C to 0.70 under the 2.0 °C and to 1.54 under the 2.5 °C scenario. Sensitivity is also likely to increase while exposure and adaptive capacity are most likely to remain the same. Overall, it can be said that the future of maize production in Uganda under present and future circumstances remains very bleak without concrete actions. As a way forward, land use policy designers will have to integrate water management, agroforestry, climatic information diffusion, training and indigenous knowledge into land use planning decisions in the context of agriculture.     

The role of knowledge,attitudes and perceptions in the uptake of agricultural and agroforestry innovations among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa

Despite the great potential of agricultural innovations, the uptake by smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa seems to be slow. We reviewed existing theories and frameworks for the uptake of agricultural innovations and found that these tend to emphasize the role of extrinsic factors such as the characteristics of the adopter and the external environment in the decision-making process. In this paper, we argue that intrinsic factors such as the knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of the potential adopter towards the innovation play a key role, but this has been less studied. We present an analytical framework that combines both extrinsic and intrinsic factors in farmers' decisions to adopt new agricultural technologies and apply the framework to agroforestry adoption as a case study. We review the literature on agroforestry adoption in sub-Saharan Africa and identify the extrinsic and intrinsic variables affecting the uptake of agroforestry technologies. We conclude that the uptake of agricultural technologies is a complex process influenced by both extrinsic and intrinsic variables, and recommend that future studies aiming to understand the adoption process of agricultural innovations take into account both sets of variables. A mechanistic understanding of how intrinsic and extrinsic factors interact and drive adoption can help in targeting technologies appropriately to ensure sustainability.     

CAP Subsidies and Productivity of the EU Farms

The paper investigates the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies on farm total factor productivity (TFP) in the European Union (EU). We employ a structural semi‐parametric estimation algorithm directly incorporating the effect of subsidies into a model of unobserved productivity. We empirically study the effects using the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) samples for the EU‐15 countries. Our main findings are clear: subsidies impact negatively on farm productivity in the period before the decoupling reform was implemented; after decoupling the effect of subsidies on productivity is more nuanced and in several countries it turned positive.     

Poverty Reduction Effects of Agricultural Technology Adoption: The Case of Improved Cassava Varieties in Nigeria

We use DNA‐fingerprinting to estimate the poverty reduction effect of adoption of improved cassava varieties in Nigeria. We estimate the counterfactual household income distribution of cassava producers by combining farm‐level treatment effects with a market‐level model. Our results suggest that adoption of improved cassava varieties has led to a 4.6 percentage point reduction in poverty, though this is sensitive to the measurement of adoption status. Therefore, accurate measurement of adoption is crucial for a more credible estimate of the poverty reduction effect of adoption. Our analysis also suggests that farmers who are more likely to be adopters are also likely to face higher structural costs. Addressing structural barriers that make improved technologies less profitable for the poor would therefore be important to increase the poverty reduction effect of improved cassava varieties.     

The retention ability of the agricultural landscape in the emergency planning zone of the Temelín nuclear power plant and its changes since the 19th century

Drainage and loss of wetland sites is a major problem of the agricultural landscape, as it reduces the landscape’s ability to retain water, nutrients, matter, and minimize erosion. With this in mind, the issue of the ability of wet sites to retain radionuclides and contaminated water in the case of a radiation accident was studied. In 2013, field research examined the occurrence of wetland retention sites in the emergency planning zone (EPZ) of the Temelín nuclear power plant (NPP; Czech Republic). As data sources, wetland biotopes (European network Natura 2000) were considered; in addition, retention features were field mapped, i.e. landscape elements of a wetland nature not normally considered nationally significant for conservation. Within the emergency zone, 2854.7 ha of wetland biotopes were registered and 318.9 ha retention features mapped. Density of retention sites (in ha/km²) per cadastre (local administrative units) was used to represent their spatial distribution within the zone. For an assessment of possible revitalization measures, leading to an increase in the landscape’s retention ability, spatial changes in the area of retention sites between 2013 and the mid-19th century, a period before extensive drainage of landscape occurred and a simplification of its structure, were mapped. Historic land maps (The Imperial Obligatory Imprints of the Stable Cadastre) were used as a basis of information on the occurrence and area of fens and wet meadows (4771.5 ha).For spatial comparisons of drained and undrained landscape in the past and present, the density of retention sites per cadastre was calculated. In the mid-19th century, 80% of cadastres had a density of retention sites exceeded 5 ha/km²; in 2013 only 40% of cadastres achieved this. In the most part, drained areas of the zone belong to the central part (around the power plant), as well as the EPZ’s eastern and south-eastern regions. From the density maps of retention sites, as well as from the stable cadastre imprints, it is possible to identify areas and retention features suitable for wetland restoration, thus leading to an increase in the retention capacity of the landscape in terms of water and radionuclide retention. Suggestions as to how to restore and turn retention features into semi-natural wetlands, as well as integrating small wetlands into an agriculture landscape are outlined.