我国植物新品种权年申请量位居UPOV成员第四位

8月13日，笔者从农业部在四川省成都市举行的第二届全国农作物授权品种展示暨品种权交易大会上获悉：我国实施植物新品种保护制度六年来，植物新品种保护环境不断改善，育种者申请品种权的数量正以年均30％的速度递增，年申请量已位居UPOV（国际植物新品种保护联盟）成员第四位。     

树立品种权价值观

我国现有119个农业、林业植物种类被列入“植物新品种保护名录”。截至今年3月底,农业部共受理品种权申请2247件,授予品种权数量538件。据对500个农作物授权品种和申请品种的统计,育种科研与开发总投入为3.3亿元,实施单位获得效益19.7亿元,社会新增效益223.7亿元。点石成金的“金手指”正是农业领域的知识产权:植物新品种权。     

植物新品种保护与农村经济发展

植物新品种保护是农业知识产权保护中的一个重要方面 ,是提高农业竞争优势、发展农村经济的重要手段。品种权是植物新品种保护的核心 ,整个植物新品种保护都是围绕品种权的取得和保护展开的。因此 ,有效利用品种权 ,是充分实施植物新品种保护制度 ,推动我国农业经济发展的关键。我国政府应当加强品种权的申请和保护意识 ,主动拥有和维护权利 ;加强品种权的实施 ,加强品种权战略运用 ,有效行使权利。     

品种权制度下育种主体研发行为分析

植物新品种保护在历史上是专利保护的一个分支，其核心是品种权的取得和保护．故又称为品种权制度。我国于1997年3月由国务院正式颁布《中华人民共和国植物新品种保护条例》，1999年顺利加入国际植物新品种保护联盟(UPOV），正式启动实施这一条例。五年多来，品种权制度的实施极大地保护了育种者和投资者的合法权益，促进了农业科技创新和农业生产力的发展。     

兵团植物新品种保护现状及存在问题分析

"十一五"期间,新疆兵团积极开展特色优势农产品育种工作,并逐步建立起植物新品种保护机构和保护制度,但仍存在植物新品种权申请数量少、新品种保密难、实施率低、保护体系不健全、激励机制缺乏等问题。通过扶持兵团植物新品种权申请和保护、规范品种权执法行为、完善植物新品种保护体系和激励机制等措施,能有效推动兵团植物新品种保护工作的开展。     

中国加入国际植物新品种保护联盟10周年大会在京召开

4月23日，“植物新品种保护在中国——中国加入国际植物新品种保护联盟10周年”大会在北京召开。 据了解，截至2008年底，我国已有239个林木、花卉品种获得品种权保护，这些品种正逐步推广，将对我国林业生产发挥巨大的推动作用。国家林业局总工程师卓榕生指出，10年来，植物新品种保护制度在激励育种创新、保护育种合法权益、推进林业产业化发展、保护生态环境等方面发挥了重要作用。     

我国农业植物新品种权保护现状及完善

目前我国农业植物新品种权保护方面已取得较大成就,但仍存在诸多问题亟需解决。为此,应采取进一步增强农业植物新品种权保护意识、理顺执法体制、完善品种权保护相关制度、加大行政执法和司法力度、成立品种权保护方面的自律性区域社会组织等措施,以继续推进我国农业科技创新,提升农产品的核心竞争力。     

鲜食玉米特色新品种

江南花糯是江苏省农科院粮食所育成的糯玉米特色新品种，2001年通过江苏省审定（品种审定号：苏审玉200105），由江苏省江蔬种苗科技有限公司独家开发经营。该品种获国家植物新品种权保护，品种权号为CNA20020079．8，目前正参加国家区试。     

中国植物新品种保护申请及其决定因素

本文对《植物新品种保护条例》实施以来中国植物新品种保护的申请情况进行分析，并应用Probit模型分析1999～2002年广东、湖南、浙江三省水稻品种保护申请的决定因素。本文认为，育种部门通常只对高产量、优质和杂交品种提出申请保护；《植物新品种保护条例》有效地刺激了政府研究部门新品种保护申请的积极性，而对私人部门投资育种研究的影响不大，这与中国当前的科技体制相关．     

我国首个农业植物新品种保护发展规划出台

本刊讯 据《农民日报》报道：为促进我国农业育种创新和新品种推广应用，加强农业植物新品种保护，农业部近日出台了《“十一五”农业植物新品种保护发展规划》。     

Valuing Varieties with Imperfect Output Quality Measurement

Markets for agricultural products may be inefficient when signals do not adequately reflect product characteristics important to market participants. Preferences can be explicitly reflected in price premiums for measurable characteristics using hedonic methods. However, when product quality information is costly to obtain, the problem is compounded. Bundling of quality traits by variety can serve to signal product quality. A procedure is developed to derive the value of different varieties in meeting buyer demands. An application to the hard red spring market wheat illustrates the use of a procedure to distinguish among varieties and provides empirical support for the existence of Akerlof's lemon market in the release of wheat varieties.     

Multi-Site Bundling of Drought Tolerant Maize Varieties and Index Insurance

Drought Tolerant Maize Varieties (DTMV) and Rainfall Index Insurance (RII) are potential complements, though with limited empirical basis. We employ a multivariate spatial framework to investigate the potential for bundling DTMV with a simulated multi-site and multi-environment RII, designed to insure against mild, moderate and severe drought risk. We use yield data from on-farm trials conducted by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and partners over 49 locations in Eastern and Southern Africa spanning 8 countries and 5 mega-environments (dry lowland, dry mid altitude, wet lower mid altitude, low wetland and wet upper mid altitude) in which 19 different improved maize varieties including DTMV were tested at each location. Spatially correlated daily rainfall data are generated from a first-order two-state Markov chain process and used to calibrate the index and predict yields with a hierarchical Bayes multivariate spatial model. Results show high variation in the performance and benefits of different bundles which depend on the maize variety, the risk layer insured, and the type of environment, with high chances of selecting a sub-optimal and unattractive contract. We find that complementing RII with a specific DTMV produces contracts with lower premiums and higher guaranteed returns especially in dry lowland increasing the chances of scaling up RII within this environment.     

Household Determinants of the Adoption of Improved Cassava Varieties using DNA Fingerprinting to Identify Varieties in Farmer Fields: A Case Study in Colombia

We examine factors affecting the adoption of improved cassava varieties of 217 households in the Cauca Department in southwest Colombia. Using DNA fingerprinting through Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), we identified different cultivars in farmers fields. We also used this information to remove possible bias in the adoption model that could have resulted from a misclassification of improved varieties (IVs). As a result, we found that farmers substantially overestimate their use of IVs and there are important differences in the determinants of adoption between farmer self‐identification and DNA fingerprinting. This finding implies that the incorporation of DNA fingerprinting in IV adoption studies is important to ensure the accuracy of future agricultural economic research and the relevance of subsequent policy recommendations.     

Diffusion of Wheat Varieties in Three Agro-climatic Zones of Western Canada

Diffusion patterns of all major bread wheat varieties released in western Canada over the period 1950–92 are analyzed. Agronomic, quality and disease attributes of each variety are examined to explain diffusion patterns. It is found that the pattern of diffusion is affected most by yield, days to maturity, test weight, lodging and bunt. The relative importance of these attributes varies somewhat by agroclimatic region within the prairie provinces.
Nous avons analysé le tableau de répartition territorial de toutes les grandes variétés de bléà pain mises au commerce dans l'ouest du Canada entre 1950 et 1992. Nous en avons également cherché l'explication d'après les caractères agronomiques, qualitatifs et sanitaires de chaque variété. Le rendement grainier, la précocité de maturation, le poids à l'hectolitre et la résistance à la verse et à la carie se sont révélés les déterminants principaux de la diffusion variétale, bien que leur importance relative ait varié quelque peu selon les différentes zones agroclimatiques des provinces des Prairies.     

Adoption of Drought Tolerant Maize Varieties under Rainfall Stress in Malawi

We examine adoption of drought tolerant (DT) maize varieties using a four‐round panel dataset from six districts in Malawi. There is an increase in adoption of DT maize from 3% in 2006 to 43% in 2015 in our data. We focus on the effect of past drought exposure on adoption and the likelihood of DT maize being distributed under the Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP). Results show that past exposure to drought increases the probability of DT maize seed being distributed through FISP. Farmers who accessed maize seed subsidy coupons and were previously exposed to late season dry spells are more likely to use the seed subsidy coupon to redeem DT maize seed. The likelihood of adoption and adoption intensity (area under DT maize) are positively influenced by previous early season dry spells and access to seed subsidy. Previous late season droughts also positively affect adoption intensity. On the other hand, area share under DT maize is positively correlated with early season dry spells and past exposure to late season dry spells but negatively related to seed subsidy. FISP in Malawi appears to have stimulated adoption of DT maize directly through subsidy and indirectly through generating farmers’ experiences of the performance of DT varieties under drought conditions.     

Planting Decisions and Uncertain Consumer Acceptance of Genetically Modified Crop Varieties

There exists much uncertainty about consumer attitudes toward genetically modified foods. If it happens that sufficient (insufficient) acres are planted under nonmodified seed to meet postharvest demand, then a price premium will not (will) emerge for the nonmodified varieties. A nonlinearity originates in the fact that a price premium may not be supported. This nonlinearity interacts with demand uncertainty to determine equilibrium plantings and the probability that postharvest varietal prices differ. Also, as planting approaches signals will be broadcast about the nature of postharvest demand. We show how the nonlinearity affects the types of signals that growers will prefer to receive.     

新品种保护条例与中国种子产业发展

本文分析了我国加入国际植物新品种保护联盟(UPOV)1978年公约和实施《植物新品种保护条例》对中国种子产业产生的积极作用,探讨了加入UPOV1991年公约对中国植物育种科技创新和种子产业发展可能产生的影响,提出了实施种子科技价值链管理战略,着力提升中国种子科技产业自主创新能力,建立和完善国际先进的中国植物新品种保护法制体系等应对措施。     

我国主要蔬菜品种贸易动向分析

近年来,世界其他主要蔬菜国的产业内贸易水平较高,即这些国家在大量出口蔬菜的同时还大量进口蔬菜。同时我国虽然是蔬菜贸易大国,但是蔬菜产业内贸易水平却相对较低且以蔬菜出口为主。因而,我国应抓住这一有利时机,推动我国蔬菜贸易进一步发展。本文在以往研究基础上,首先,就我国主要蔬菜品种贸易现状进行分析;其次,通过测算各主要蔬菜品种产业内贸易相关指标,分析并探讨我国蔬菜产业内贸易特征及其成因;最后,提出促进我国蔬菜贸易发展的有关对策和建议。     

Valuing New Varieties: Trade-Offs between Growers and End-Users in Wheat

Variety release decisions usually involve trade-offs between growers and end-users as well as substantial uncertainties about agronomic, quality, and economic variables. In this paper, methodologies were developed to value grower and end-user characteristics for individual wheat varieties and to evaluate trade-offs. The models capture effects of variability in agronomic, quality, and economic variables and were applied to experimental and hypothetical varieties. Results indicate two experimental varieties provide improvements in grower and end-use value over most of the incumbents. Though applied to a specific grain and region, the approach is applicable to other grains and oilseeds that have multiple agronomic and quality attributes.     

我国林木良种基地建设与管理现状与对策

我国林木良种良种使用率“九五”末期为28%,目前提高到43%;基地供种率达到37%,但良种基地建设与管理中还存在一些问题。结合广西、贵州等省(区)林木良种基地建设的现状,分析了基地建设投入机制、总体规划、经营管理、资源收集与保存等问题,并提出了今后林木良种基地建设与管理的对策和建议。