低碳国土空间规划：机理、方法与路径

研究目的：以碳循环过程与国土空间要素的耦合关系为切入点,提出面向全域全要素的低碳国土空间规划机理、多尺度规划方法与全过程规划路径,以期为双碳目标下的国土空间治理提供思路。研究方法：文献研究法和系统分析法。研究结果：（1）基于对“碳循环—空间要素”耦合关系的剖析,提出了低碳国土空间规划的“起点—原则—工具”机理;（2）构建了面向全域全要素的低碳国土空间规划方法,通过“三区—地类—地块—单元”的多尺度规划,实现对碳源汇“总量—结构—格局—强度”的多维度优化;（3）设计了全过程碳管制的低碳国土空间规划路径,通过“低碳目标引导—碳核算支撑—碳约束管控”,推动国土空间规划履行碳治理职能。研究结论：低碳导向的国土空间规划理论尚处于探索阶段,其指标体系、支撑技术及实证效果等仍需进一步深化,以实现从低碳理念的深入认知向规划设计的实用方法转变,助力我国实现?“碳达峰、碳中和”目标。     

从空间规划体系到国土空间体系——兼析国土空间体系构建下的国土空间治理趋向

研究目的：分析国家治理体系和治理能力现代化背景下,国土空间体系表述的形成脉络及内在逻辑,并从国土空间体系构建视角探讨国土空间治理的未来趋向。研究方法：综合分析法与对比分析法。研究结果：国土空间具有“区域”和“要素”双重特性,建立空间规划体系旨在解决传统国土空间治理的“区域”“要素”缺乏统筹问题。从空间规划体系、国土空间规划体系到国土空间体系的演变,实质上是不断推进迈向高质量发展、强化“区域—要素”统筹的国土空间治理。在构建国土空间体系的指引下,国土空间治理既要聚焦国土空间的高质量发展,绘就国土空间协调发展蓝图,又要完善主体功能区战略和制度,做好国土空间治理的“区域—要素”统筹。研究结论：面向国土空间体系构建,国土空间治理未来应做好国土空间高质量发展导向下的“区域—要素”统筹治理。     

面向城乡融合发展的县域国土空间规划：理论认知与实践探索

研究目的：探究如何借助国土空间规划这一政策工具助力县域城乡融合发展，以期深化和丰富城乡融合背景下县域国土空间规划的理论认知与实践创新。研究方法：文献资料法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）基于极化效应与扩散效应理论、“流空间”理论及互惠式城乡发展理论阐释了国土空间规划赋能县域城乡融合发展的理论认知，提出了以“参流构形—以形引流—形流耦合”为核心的县域国土空间规划实践逻辑；（2）基于区域差异，立足都市圈地区、大城市腹地及偏远地区的三个类型县域分别提出面向“一体化”、“郊区化”和“中心化”的国土空间治理实践路径。研究结论：城乡融合背景下空间治理的核心在于合理利用国土空间规划强化区域发展的扩散效应，引导城乡要素双向流动，以形成互惠共生的城乡网络体系，从而推动县域城乡融合发展。     

空间治理视域下乡村地区国土空间详细规划：逻辑 重塑、体系解构与策略构想

研究目的：基于空间治理视域,系统检视乡村地区空间规划实践困境,厘清新时期规划转型逻辑与理性、效率、公平协同的治理思路,进而提出乡村地区国土空间详细规划的策略构想,为丰富国土空间管控底层逻辑提供科学依据。研究方法：理论分析法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）乡村地区国土空间详细规划服务于新时期空间治理需求,是重塑国土空间规划体系的时代要求,也是乡村治理现代化的重要抓手;（2）多规并行背景下乡村地区各类规划存在治理逻辑混沌、规划与实践脱节等问题,不利于乡村空间的全域全要素统筹;（3）“多规合一”要求下,乡村地区国土空间详细规划在角色定位、价值目标、规划思路和管控视域等方面发生了根本性变化,需要促进空间治理理性化、资源配置高效化与主体权益公平化。研究结论：乡村地区国土空间详细规划应注重实现规划理性与实践理性的互动融合、全域综合管控与单元精细化治理相结合、完善多规合一与双向结合的规划传导体系、实现规划体系与土地产权关系相衔接、构建多元主体公平参与机制,助力乡村空间精细化治理和乡村格局优化重构。     

面向中国式现代化的国土空间格局优化：基本遵循、理论逻辑和战略任务

研究目的：立足中国式现代化五大基本特征,剖析国土空间格局优化和中国式现代化的关系,为国土空间治理体系和治理能力现代化水平的提升提供参考。研究方法：文献研究法,综合分析法。研究结果：（1）中国式现代化具有的人口规模巨大、全体人民共同富裕、物质文明和精神文明相协调、人与自然和谐共生、走和平发展道路五大特征是国土空间格局优化的基本前提、基本要求、基本原则、基本伦理和基本追求;（2）国土空间格局优化能够以“人地耦合”的基础逻辑、“规律纠偏”的功能逻辑、“文化精神”的引导逻辑、“生态文明”的支撑逻辑和“全球治理”的参与逻辑,助力中国式现代化的实现;（3）基于“需求—功能”的匹配思路,面向中国式现代化的国土空间格局优化战略任务是打造人地协调、融合均等、文明有序、优美和谐和安全共治的国土空间新格局。研究结论：中国式现代化的五大特征是国土空间格局优化的基本遵循,而国土空间格局优化则是助力中国式现代化实现的有效手段。未来,国土空间格局优化应当沿着中国式现代化的根本道路,不断提升国土空间治理体系和治理能力现代化水平。     

面向“一张图”的国土空间规划数据库研究

研究目的:解决国土空间规划数据库面临的国土空间要素难以快速感测、多源异构大数据难以系统管理、多主体应用诉求难以得到全面支撑等诸多难题。研究方法:系统分析规划管控要素,明确国土空间规划数据库架构;建立"上下联动、横向贯通"的国土空间规划大数据分布式管理模式;通过规则与学习的混合决策,建立未知世界认知模型。研究结果:面向国土空间规划"一张图",建立了要素全面、内容完整、动态适应、实时更新的规划大数据集体系,提出了数据联动贯通、信息无损传输、情势动态推演的国土空间规划大数据云控平台架构。研究结论:规划数据库是推动国土空间规划全生命周期管理和国土空间优化的基础,国土空间规划数据库的有序建设、科学管理和精准应用是实现国土空间治理能力现代化的源泉。     

数字生态文明时代国土空间规划转型

研究目的：探析数字生态文明时代国土空间规划转型趋势和路径,为国土空间规划治理提供参考。研究方法：理论分析法和逻辑推理法。研究结果：（1）空间规划顺应人类文明发展不断演替,农业文明、工业文明和生态文明阶段分别对应空间规划的思想萌芽期、繁荣发展期以及转型升级期。（2）新时代中国国土空间规划构建了“五级三类四体系”总体框架,划定了三条控制线,启动了国土空间规划实施监测网络（CSPON）建设,开展了规划标准体系的再构建。（3）数字生态文明时代“数字化”与“绿色化”特征推动国土空间规划的“数智化”与“数治化”转型。（4）为应对国土空间规划“数智化”转型挑战,应从建设规划实施制度体系、研发绿色智慧的国土空间治理决策模型、探索“两山论”双向转化路径等方面,深入推进国土空间规划“数治化”转型。研究结论：数字技术赋能生态文明将持续推动国土空间规划迈入智能化时代,国土空间规划的“数智化”技术转型与“数治化”治理转型将成为必然趋势。     

国土空间规划支撑城乡融合发展的逻辑与路径

研究目的：国土空间规划落实城乡融合发展战略是高质量空间治理体系的核心目标之一，解析国土空间规划支撑城乡融合发展存在的现实困境及其内在机理，进而提出可行的破解路径，为国土空间规划支撑城乡融合发展提供破题思路。研究方法：归纳演绎法和逻辑推演法。研究结果：多尺度交互的空间网络不畅通和城乡空间多元价值难交换成为阻碍城乡融合发展的现实困境；国土空间规划与城乡融合发展在措施手段和目标体系的关联性上搭建了二者的衔接逻辑，空间一致性和互动性决定了二者衔接的现实可行性；优化城乡空间网络体系、创新空间用途管制体系、统筹城乡空间治理体系成为国土空间规划支撑城乡融合发展的可行路径。研究结论：统筹协调国土空间规划“发展、公平与生态”三维目标和城乡“要素、结构与功能”融合的内在关系，落实城乡要素有序流通和公共资源均衡配置，将有利于完善国土空间规划支撑城乡融合发展的内在机制。     

国土空间治理内涵及实现路径 ——基于“要素—结构—功能—价值”视角

研究目的：探析国土空间治理内涵与实施路径,为丰富生态文明建设背景下国土空间治理提供理论支撑和实践借鉴。研究方法：文献综述法、理论分析法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）国土空间“要素—结构—功能—价值”关系是科学认知国土空间的逻辑主线,国土空间治理的核心内涵包括“要素整合、结构优化、功能提升、价值实现”4个方面。（2）新时期国土空间治理特征表现为治理理念现代化、治理主体多元化、治理体制法治化、治理方式精细化和治理手段智慧化。（3）基于系统“要素—结构—功能—价值”逻辑关系,构建了由要素整合、结构优化、功能提升和价值实现构成的多维一体综合治理实施路径。（4）国土空间要素治理包括加强自然要素“地—地”联系、推动人地业等资源要素互补流动;国土空间结构治理包括以“三区三线一网络”为核心进行空间分区和用途管制、建立健全政策制度保障体系;国土空间功能治理包括完善和落实主体功能区制度、提升和协调“三生”功能;国土空间价值治理包括完善国土空间多维价值目标权衡管理、建立健全农业与生态产品价值实现机制。研究结论：国土空间治理需从系统“要素—结构—功能—价值”的逻辑关系出发,从要素整合、结构优化、功能提升和价值实现等方面构建多维一体综合治理路径,进一步提升空间治理能力。     

国土空间规划与土地要素市场化配置：互动机制与融合路径

研究目的：深化国土空间规划体系下土地要素市场化改革的理论认识,揭示国土空间规划与土地要素市场化配置之间的融合机制与路径,助推国土空间治理能力与治理体系现代化。研究方法：文献研究法,归纳演绎法,综合分析法。研究结果：（1）国土空间规划体系与土地要素市场化机制均在中央与地方博弈过程中实现发展变迁,其中还伴随着土地发展权配置方式的变化。（2）国土空间规划与土地要素市场化配置之间存在着密切的互动关系,这种互动关系持续运转的过程就是两者有效融合的过程,可以促进“区域—要素”的互联互动,并增强国土空间可持续发展能力。（3）激发土地要素市场活力,构建全国统一的土地要素市场并优化土地收益分配格局,加强规划引领和数字化协同治理,完善“权—责—法”管理制度是规划与市场融合的有效路径。研究结论：实现土地要素高效配置和区域协调发展是国土空间规划与土地要素市场有效融合的最终目的,通过产权放活、多效供给、市场整合、收益共享、规划引导、智能管控以及权责法治的完善可以统筹规划与市场的作用,进而促进国土空间治理能力和治理体系的现代化。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.