基于城乡统筹的农民工社会养老保险制度研究

本文通过对1082名重庆农民工社会养老保险现状的调查分析和重庆现行农民工社会养老保险制度的深入研究，从城乡统筹的视角，提出了构建低门槛、使参保、广覆盖、易流动的农民工社会养老保险制度的政策建议，为政府建立和完善城乡统筹的社会养老保险制度提供决策参考。     

城乡一体化背景下农民工养老保险制度的完善

随着我国城乡一体化战略的实施,农民工作为一个特殊的产业群体将长期存在.建立农民工养老保险制度是实现公平正义的前提,是提高城市化水平的必然要求,是解决“三农问题”,实现社会和谐的必然需要.当前我国农民工养老保险制度显现出诸多弊端:农民工承担养老保险费用过重；参保率低、退保率高；养老保险跨地区转接手续不完善；未与城市居民养老保险形成统一的体系等.造成上述弊端的原因主要有:二元户籍制度；农民工维权意识差、维权程序繁琐、成本高；养老保险资金有限、跨地区转移困难；法律法规不健全等.本文拟从农民工养老保险的现状、制约因素和完善措施等方面进行深入探讨,以期对建立健全我国农民工养老保险制度建言献策.     

中国沿海地区农民工社会保险的实证研究

本文基于对沿海地区农民工的实证分析，提出应有顺序有步骤地建立和完善相应的农民工保险制度，并按照工伤保险一养老保险一基本医疗保险的顺序，逐步构筑其工伤保险制度以及能够与城镇职工养老保险和农村养老保险相互衔接的养老保险制度。     

农民工社会养老保险问题初探

据统计，当前我国有2.5亿农民工，但参加社会养老保险的不超过3000万人。调查发现，许多企业不愿意为农民工购买养老保险，农民工自己也不购买养老保险，其中一个重要原因就是我国的养老保险制度不健全。所以，本文从建立健全我国农民工养老保险制度出发，阐述农民工养老保险的现状、存在的问题以及解决的方法和途径。     

我国农民社会养老保险模式的现实选择

当前，农民已分化为纯农户、农民工和失地农民，三者在职业、收入、居住方式等方面各不相同，因而其社会养老保险也应有所别；对纯农户、应采取“基础养老保险”＋“附加养老保险”模式；对农民工，应实行“个人帐户”＋“社会统筹账户”模式；对失地农民，应探索“个人账户”＋“基础养老金账户”＋“储备金 账户”模式。在此基础上，建立纯农户的最低生活保障制度；完善农民工社会养老保险配套制度；明确失地农民主体地位，完善失地补偿安置制度，才能真正提高农民的生活水平。     

农民工养老保障问题研究

国家的养老保险制度不排斥农民工也无法完全覆盖农民工,农民工个人对待购买社会保险态度各异,农民工工作地点的高流动性和农民工双重身份注定了其与现行社会保险制度之间的冲突.农民工养老保险问题日渐积累:特别是农民工日渐老龄化,政府有关部门应尽快完善与农民工相适应的社会保障制度,首要的就是要建立起国家养老保障全覆盖的个人社会保障记载制度.     

农民工养老保险"退保"高涨现象的原因探析

自2003年以来，农民工群体的社会保障尤其是养老保险等问题引起了政府和社会各界的广泛关注。近年来，从中央到地方都在积极探索建立农民工社会保障制度，尤其是养老保险的可行之策。从实践的情况来看，这些政策对农民工养老保障问题的解决起到了一定的积极作用，但是其中出现的许多问题也不容忽视。本文从政府的制度设计、用人单位、及农民工个人的角度，分析当前各地普遍出现的农民工养老保险“退保”现象高涨的深层原因，以期找到解决当前农民工养老保险问题的正确思路。     

统一全国农民工养老保险制度的目标模式研究

本文认为,目前已有盼农民工养老保险制度,难以解决跨统筹地区流动就业的农民工养老保险关系的衔接问题.要实现农民工养老保险制度与碱镇企业职工的基本养老保险制度一样并走向全国统一,就必须改变农民工养老保险的缴费比例与城镇职工的缴费比例的不同,因此,全国统筹的城镇企业职工基本养老保险模式是农民工养老保险制度改革的目标模式.     

全国人大代表、天龙集团董事长冯毅 尽快设立返乡农民工养老机制

正冯毅表示,老一代进城务工者是发达省份滚存养老保险基金的重要贡献者,他们的养老权益最需要照顾和扶持。他建议,应尽快设立返乡农民工养老机制,要从国家层面统筹设立"退保返乡农民工专项养老保险",从根本上帮助这部分农民工,使他们享受到与其贡献相适应的社会保障。冯毅建议,国家有关部门应将"退保返乡农民工专项养老保险"作为完善养老保险制度和养老保险实现全国统筹的一项重     

用"三圈理论"探究困扰农民工社会养老保险制度的痼疾——以甘肃省为例

用三圈理论分析农民工社会养老保险问题,困扰农民工社会养老保险制度的痼疾有:转移接续影响农民工社会养老保险事业的发展;社会统筹与个人账户模式的20%作为社会统筹,社会养老保险基金出现空账;替代率较高使社会养老保险制度实施处于困境。因此,对农民工社会养老保险制度进行创新设计,建立首创者德国一样的城乡一体化社会养老保险制度,才能最终消除困扰农民工社会养老保险制度的痼疾。     

分析后感性1999-2009

前言后感性是在85新潮、89大展之后,中国社会情绪正处在一个失落的底点,85-89的艺术家大部分流落海外,与之前的70年代末星星画会情况相仿佛。而中国当代艺术的发展也正处在一个从强调自我身份(身份认同)、民族观(世界观的一部分)、颠覆与革命(89事件)、全球化(与世界接轨)等等现象迸发的转     

USGS"2000世界油气评价"待发现油气资源预测法

美国地质调查局 2 0 0 0年的油气资源评价中 ,主要进行了两个方面的预测 :待发现油气资源预测和储量增长预测。待发现油气资源的预测主要运用了油气藏规模分布预测方法及蒙特卡洛模拟方法。     

20世纪中期关中地区的土地问题 --以高陵县通远乡为例

本文通过对土地改革前后高陵县通远乡的土地状况的个案分析，论证了正是因为关中地区人地关系的宽松，租佃关系不普遍，地主和富农拥有的土地不多，结果在土地改革期间，关中地区可供分配的土地比较少，当地政府无法同时做到既完全贯彻中央精神，又充分考虑到地方实际情况，最终在实际执行中，导致了中央政令与地方具体实践在一定程度上的背离；而就产中地区的土地改革本身而言，其效果是不经济的。     

Editorial - Multiple-use forestry

The problem of multiple-use forestry arises because (1) a forest can be managed to provide a wide range of products and services, (2) the different uses are not perfectly compatible with each other, and (3) some products are not priced in markets and many of the services a forest provides have the characteristics of public goods. Examples of major forest products include, in addition to timber, edible berries, fungi, and hunting games. Forests also provide recreation opportunities and various environmental services (such as regulating local climate, reducing soil erosion, reducing pollutants in the atmosphere, regulating the global climate, providing habitats for wildlife, etc.). The outputs of nontimber goods in general depend on the quantity and structure of the forest, which can be changed by various forest management activities. However, a forest state most suitable for the production of one good is usually not optimal with respect to another good. Typically, there does not exist a set of management activities that simultaneously maximize the outputs of timber and all other goods.Another way to understand the conflicts between different uses is to view standing timber as an intermediate product of forestry investment, which is employed as an “input” for the production of timber products and nontimber goods. Thinking in this way, the conflicts arise partly because timber production and nontimber uses compete for the same input, and partly because of the differences in the “production technology” among different nontimber goods. A change in the standing timber may have positive impacts on some nontimber uses, but have negative effects on others. Because of the conflicts among different uses, it requires that both timber products and nontimber goods should be explicitly incorporated into forestry decision-making in order to achieve the greatest benefits to the forest owner and/or the public.Most of the economic analyses of multiple-use forestry decisions have explicitly or implicitly adopted the view that multiple-use should be achieved in individual stands. Each stand should be managed to produce an optimal mix of timber products and nontimber goods. Another view of multiple-use forestry is to manage each stand for a primary use, whereas multiple-use concerns are addressed by allocating different stands in a forest to different uses. A general argument in support of the primary-use view is that specialization makes for efficiency. The production of timber and nontimber goods is a joint process, however. Strictly speaking, one cannot separate timber production and the production of different nontimber goods. For example, managing a stand for timber production does not exclude the possibility of producing some nontimber goods in the stand. Since every stand usually produces more than one product, efficient multiple-use forestry requires that each stand should be managed for an optimal mix of timber and nontimber outputs. On the other hand, it may well be the case that the optimal multiple-use mix for a particular stand consists of a maximum output of one product. In this case the optimal multiple-use management decision would coincide with the optimal decision pertaining to a single use. In other words, it may be optimal to manage a particular stand for one primary use. Using the terminology of economics, primary-use may be efficient for stands in which the multiple-use production set is nonconvex. Recent research has explored several sources of nonconvexity in the multiple-use production set. However, there is no evidence supporting the argument that specialization is always more efficient than multiple-use management of individual stands. From an economics viewpoint, efficient primary-use is special cases of multiple-use stand management.A widely recognized limitation of multiple-use stand management is that, by considering each stand separately, one neglects the interdependence of nontimber benefits and ecological interactions among individual stands. The nontimber benefits of a stand depend on the output of nontimber goods from other stands. Likewise, the nontimber output from one stand affects the value of nontimber goods produced in the other stands. Ecological interactions among individual stands imply that the output of nontimber goods from two stands in a forest differs from the sum of the outputs from two isolated stands. These interdependence and interactions imply that the relationship between the nontimber benefits of a stand and the stand age (or standing timber stock) cannot be unambiguously determined - it depends on the flow of nontimber goods produced in the surrounding stands. Therefore, it is improper to determine optimal decisions for the individual stands independently. In stead, efficient multiple-use forestry decision should be analyzed by considering all the stands in a forest simultaneously.Another serious limitation of multiple-use stand management is that each stand is treated as a homogenous management unit to be managed according to a uniform management regime. One implicitly assumes that the boundaries of each stand is exogenously given and will remain unchanged over time. This assumption imposes a restriction on the multiple-use production set, thereby creates inefficiency. As an example, consider a large stand with a nonconvex production set. It may be possible to eliminate nonconvexity in the production set and push the production possibility frontier outwards by dividing the stand into several parts and managing each part for a primary-use. It may also be efficient to combine two adjacent stands into one to be managed following a uniform regime, because of the presences of fixed management costs, and/or because the relationship between some nontimber outputs and stand area is not linear.In contrast to income from timber production, nontimber goods produced at different time points are not perfect substitutes. The rate at which a forest owner is willing to substitute a nontimber good produced at one time point for that produced at another time point changes with the outputs of the nontimber good at the two time points. In general cases, the nontimber goods produced at one time point cannot be consumed at another time point, and the marginal utility of a nontimber good decreases when its output increases. This provides a motivation for reducing the variation in the output of nontimber goods over time. An effective approach to coordinating nontimber outputs over time is to apply different management regimes to different parts of a stand, or apply the same regime to adjacent stands, which would change the boundaries of the stands. Preserving the existing stand boundaries would limit the possibility of evening out the nontimber outputs over time, and thereby lead to intertemporal inefficiency in multiple-use management.In previous studies of multiple-use forestry decisions the nontimber outputs or benefits are usually modeled as functions of stand age or standing timber stock. Future flows of nontimber goods or benefits are incorporated into a stand/forest harvest decision model to explore the implications of nontimber uses for optimal harvest decisions. While stand age and standing timber stock may have significant impacts on nontimber outputs, other forest state variables, e. g. the spatial distribution of stands of different ages/species, may be of great importance to the production of nontimber goods. Recognition of such forest state variables could change the relationship between timber production and nontimber outputs and therefore change the optimal forest management decisions.In summary, multiple-use forestry is not simply an extension of timber management with additional flows of benefits to be considered when evaluating alternative management regimes. Recognition of multiple uses of a forest leads to two fundamental changes of the forestry decision problem. First, the optimal intertemporal consumption of forestry income is no longer separable from forest management decisions. In general, the optimal intertemporal consumption of forestry income depends on future flows of nontimber goods, implying that the consumption-saving decision should be made simultaneously with the decision on the production of timber and nontimber goods over time. Secondly, it is no longer appropriate to optimize the management regime for each stand separately. The nontimber outputs from a forest depend on the age distribution of individual stands, and on a wide range of other forest state variables such as the spatial distribution of stands of different ages and tree-species composition. Ecological interactions and interdependence among stands imply that management regimes for different stands should be optimized simultaneously. In addition to changing rotation ages and harvest levels, efficient multiple-use forestry requires optimizing the spatial allocation of harvests, redefining the boundaries of stands, coordinating the choices of tree species in regeneration of harvested area and so on.The lack of rigorous production functions for nontimber goods imposes a severe restriction on attempts to perform comprehensive economic analyses of multiple-use forestry decisions. This restriction in itself is no justification for ignoring many of the key aspects of multiple-use forestry problem and modeling the problem as one of determining the optimal rotation age or optimal harvest level. It requires that economic models of multiple-use forestry should be developed with special consideration of the vague and imprecise information regarding the relationships between nontimber outputs and forest state variables.Peichen GongDepartment of Forest EconomicsSE-90183 UmeåSweden     

我国农业大中型沼气工程发展现状、存在问题与对策措施

该文分析了我国处理农业废弃物大中型沼气工程建设数量、产气量、区域分布及沼气工艺类型等方面的发展现状,总结了我国沼气工程发展中存在的主要问题,提出了加快我国大中型沼气工程发展的对策措施。     

可持续发展的实质——建设资源节约型社会

我国正面临着日益严峻的资源紧缺形势.严峻资源形势呼唤资源节约型社会;可持续发展实质就是建设资源节约型社会;资源的稀缺性要求建设资源节约型社会.建设资源节约型社会是我国经济社会可持续发展的必由之路和唯一出路,势在必行.     

林业资源型城市经济转型新思路

针对资源型城市伊春市的具体情况，从产业、运作方式、创新机制和观念，合理安排劳动力就业等方面，提出了实施资源型城市转型的新思路和新措施。     

关于建设高素质农村基层干部队伍的思考

本文以广东省梅州市第四届村委会组成人员的文化程度和年龄结构为基本数据，对当前农村基层干部队伍现状、存在问题及原因进行分析，并提出建设高素质农村基层干部队伍的几点建议。