畜禽规模养殖场环境效率与环境全要素生产率分析——以蛋鸡为例

畜禽规模养殖与生态环境保护协调发展问题是畜禽养殖业可持续发展进程中亟需解决的关键问题。本文以蛋鸡为例,利用2004—2013年蛋鸡养殖投入产出数据,采用SBM模型和Malmquist-Luengerber生产率指数分析了不同规模蛋鸡养殖场的环境效率与环境全要素生产率。研究表明:近十年来蛋鸡规模养殖场环境效率值走势呈"U"型特征,且低于养殖场的技术效率值。小规模蛋鸡养殖场的环境效率值最高,而中规模蛋鸡养殖场的环境效率值最低;规模养殖场的ML生产率指数和MLTECH指数的增长率均未超过1,且规模养殖场的环境全要素生产率低于全要素生产率,说明目前我国规模养殖场还未达到规模养殖与生态环境协调发展的阶段,尤其是中规模蛋鸡养殖场。据此,为了实现畜禽规模养殖与生态环境保护的协调发展,就必须提升畜禽规模养殖场的环境效率和环境全要素生产率。     

长江经济带农业绿色生产效率及其时空分异特征研究

［目的］从静态分析和动态分析两个方面，阐释长江经济带农业绿色生产效率和农业绿色全要素生产率的时空分异特征以及生产率增长来源，以期为提高长江经济带农业绿色发展质量提供科学决策依据。［方法］文章基于资源环境约束的角度，利用MinDS模型和Global Malmquist Luenberger指数相结合的方法，测算长江经济带农业绿色生产效率和农业绿色全要素生产率，并将农业全要素生产率变化分解为纯技术效率变化（PEC）、纯技术变化（PTC）、规模效率变化（SEEC）和规模技术变化（SETC）4个部分。［结果］（1）长江经济带农业绿色生产效率水平较高，且呈不断增长趋势，下游地区的农业绿色生产效率高于中、上游，且中、上游与下游地区的差距不断拉大； （2）长江经济带农业绿色全要素生产率增长较快，以3年为1个周期，呈现波动式上升趋势，其增长主要源于纯技术进步和规模技术提高； （3）长江经济带下游农业绿色全要素生产率增长率最高，上游次之，中游最低，其中，下游农业绿色全要素生产率增长主要源于纯技术进步，中游是纯技术效率改进、纯技术进步和规模技术提高共同作用的结果，上游则源于纯技术效率改进、纯技术进步和规模效率提高。［结论］长江经济带上、中、下游三大区域的农业绿色发展水平和发展能力存在较大差异，需制定差异化政策，以调整农业增长模式，促进农业转型升级，实现高质量发展。     

温室气体排放约束下奶牛规模养殖环境效率及全要素生产率分析

一是运用SSBM模型对奶牛规模养殖环境效率及技术效率(技术效率为不考虑温室气体排放下的效率)进行分析,结果显示:环境效率小规模最高,其次为中规模与大规模;技术效率受温室气体排放约束由大到小的顺序为大规模、小规模与中规模。二是运用GML指数方法对环境全要素生产率变动进行分析,表明:全要素生产率变动受温室气体排放约束由大到小的顺序为中规模、大规模与小规模养殖场;GML指数较GM指数(GM指数为不考虑温室气体排放的指数)降低的原因各异,小规模主要由温室气体排放拉低技术效率变化导致,而中、大规模奶牛养殖场主要由温室气体排放阻碍技术进步所致。就地区而言,奶牛规模养殖场环境效率低的地区,环境全要素生产率增长态势明显,其环境效率改善潜力较大。     

温室气体排放约束下奶牛规模养殖环境效率及全要素生产率分析北大核心CSSCI

一是运用SSBM模型对奶牛规模养殖环境效率及技术效率(技术效率为不考虑温室气体排放下的效率)进行分析,结果显示:环境效率小规模最高,其次为中规模与大规模;技术效率受温室气体排放约束由大到小的顺序为大规模、小规模与中规模。二是运用GML指数方法对环境全要素生产率变动进行分析,表明:全要素生产率变动受温室气体排放约束由大到小的顺序为中规模、大规模与小规模养殖场;GML指数较GM指数(GM指数为不考虑温室气体排放的指数)降低的原因各异,小规模主要由温室气体排放拉低技术效率变化导致,而中、大规模奶牛养殖场主要由温室气体排放阻碍技术进步所致。就地区而言,奶牛规模养殖场环境效率低的地区,环境全要素生产率增长态势明显,其环境效率改善潜力较大。     

河南省农业全要素生产率变动实证分析——基于Malmquist指数方法

文章运用Malmquist指数方法,考察了1999-2006年河南省农业全要素生产率的变动趋势,通过Malmqujst指数的分解,分析了河南农业全要素生产率增长的内在动力.结果表明,河南农业全要素生产率的增长主要是由技术进步推动的,规模效率和纯技术效率的共同作用使河南农业资源配置效率对全要素生产率的增长作用不明显.通过分析,认为提高农业生产的技术效率是农业发展的主要方向,同时针对河南农业主产区的区域地理特征;提出了应走农业规模化生产的道路以提高规模效率,最终促进河南农业全要素生产率的增长.     

基于碳排放的河南省粮食绿色全要素生产率分析及对策建议

［目的］为探索粮食绿色增产模式，推进农业供给侧结构性改革和绿色可持续发展。［方法］分别运用SBM-ML指数模型与DEA Malmquist指数模型对2004—2016年河南省粮食绿色全要素生产率和传统全要素生产率进行测算和对比分析，并采用ESDA法探讨了粮食绿色全要素生产率与粮食产出的空间关联性。［结果］河南省粮食绿色全要素生产率明显低于传统全要素生产率； 2004—2016年河南省粮食绿色全要素生产率的驱动因素经历了由技术进步驱动转变为技术效率驱动再转变为技术进步和技术效率共同驱动的过程，但技术进步的贡献率明显高于技术效率； 河南省粮食绿色全要素生产率与粮食产出的二元全局空间自相关大体呈“N”型变化，粮食绿色全要素生产率和粮食产出由不平衡发展逐渐趋向平衡发展。［结论］忽视碳排放的传统粮食全要素生产率测算与实际有较大偏差。建议通过转变发展模式，探索粮食绿色增产道路； 因地制宜，有效利用技术进步和技术效率双轮驱动； 不断推进河南省粮食绿色全要素生产率与粮食产出的平衡发展3项措施来实现粮食生产的综合提升。     

我国蛋鸡养殖适度规模研究*——基于5省实地调研数据

［目的］我国是世界蛋鸡养殖主要国家之一，目前蛋鸡产业发展仍然呈现“小规模、大群体”局面，蛋鸡规模化发展受限。研究蛋鸡养殖户要素投入及适度规模，对于指导中小养殖户合理决策及宏观上把握蛋鸡养殖规模发展趋势有重要意义。［方法］利用5省实地调研数据，基于农户收益最大化构建最优规划模型，测算我国蛋鸡养殖适度规模。［结果］按照蛋鸡养殖劳动力投入测算的蛋鸡养殖适度存栏量平均值为2430 4万只； 按照资本投入量测算的适度存栏量平均值为2617 1万只； 按照现有养殖面积测算的蛋鸡养殖适度规模平均值为4698 1万只； 调研户实际平均存栏量为2033 8万只。［结论］按照目前农户养殖的劳动力、资本及养殖面积计算，农户养殖适度规模均大于现有养殖规模，在目前的生产要素投入下，养殖户养殖规模还有较大扩展空间； 养殖户在现有生产条件下，应该更多注重劳动力及资本投入，即养殖户扩大生产规模的关键在于如何使用机械化设备代替人工以及如何获得更多资金。同时，1万～5万只蛋鸡存栏户将占据蛋鸡养殖主要市场，蛋鸡养殖规模化发展大势所趋，1万只以下存栏的中小养殖户由于资金、技术等限制将逐步退出。     

中国苹果绿色全要素生产率测算与产区差异

目的 厘清苹果产业绿色全要素生产率增长的动态变化及产区差异,是促进苹果产业高质量发展的关键。方法 文章基于2004—2018年我国8个苹果主产区面板数据,利用超效率SBM模型和全局ML指数,从静态、动态不同角度,对我国苹果环境技术效率和绿色全要素生产率进行测算,并分析不同产区之间的差异。结果 （1）我国及各主产区苹果环境技术效率均未达到最优状态,区域差异明显,黄土高原主产区高于环渤海湾主产区,与不考虑非期望产出相比,环境技术效率明显偏低;（2）规模效率是当前我国苹果生产技术效率主要来源,黄土高原主产区纯技术效率略高于规模效率,环渤海湾主产区纯技术效率偏低;（3）苹果绿色全要素生产率整体提高,区域间增速差异较大,黄土高原主产区增速高于环渤海湾主产区;（4）技术效率是我国苹果绿色全要素生产率主要增长源泉,技术进步贡献度相对较低。结论 我国苹果绿色全要素生产率存在较大提升空间,各产区要通过因地制宜制定苹果产业发展战略、充分借助农业科研院所创新优势、加强果农高素质培训等方式提高苹果绿色全要素生产率。     

我国奶业全要素生产率时空分异特征分析

目的 测定奶业全要素生产率时空分异特征及内在机理,为奶业生产效率及国际竞争力提升提供决策参考。方法 文章基于2010—2018年奶牛养殖成本收益数据,通过构建DEA-Malmquist指数测度不同规模奶牛养殖全要素生产率及时空分异特征。结果 （1）我国奶业全要素生产率呈现出增长态势;2010—2018年大规模奶牛全要素生产率年均增长2.52%,中规模、小规模及散养奶牛全要素生产率年均分别增长2.42%、1.58%和2.48%。（2）纯技术进步是奶牛全要素生产率增长的关键推动因素;除大规模外,纯技术效率变化对散养、中小规模养殖推动作用明显不足;规模效率变化及规模技术进步对奶牛养殖效率提升支撑作用明显。（3）不同地区奶业全要素生产率变化特征明显,绝大多数地区奶牛养殖全要素生产率呈现出增长态势;东部地区散养及中小规模奶牛全要素生产率优势明显,中部地区大规模奶牛全要素生产率具备较强优势。结论 应加大科技创新及成果转化政策供给,强化科技创新及成果转化要素投入,完善科技成果转化及推广体系建设,助推奶业发展科技进步支撑力度及奶产品国际市场竞争力提升。     

我国水产养殖业技术效率和全要素生产率研究

本文采用2006—2012年我国29个省份水产养殖业相关投入产出数据,运用数据包络分析结合Malmquist指数,对我国水产养殖业综合技术效率和全要素生产率及其分解的技术进步、技术效率、纯技术效率、规模效率进行测算。结果表明,我国水产养殖业综合技术效率不高,纯技术效率和规模效率都相对偏低;全国水产养殖业全要素生产率增长有所下降,其中,由技术创新所决定的技术进步呈现下降趋势,规模效率得到一定改进,由技术推广所决定的纯技术效率有所下降;全国有近2/3省份的全要素生产率呈上升趋势,1/3省份全要素生产率呈下降趋势,其中,全要素生产率提高主要归因于技术进步和技术效率的共同改进,全要素生产率下降主要是由技术退步引起。结合研究结论提出,应加大对我国水产养殖科技的投入力度,加强水产技术推广体系建设,创新渔业经营机制等相关政策建议。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.