2005—2015年我国马铃薯增产空间分异与贡献因素

［目的］马铃薯增产空间分异和贡献因素的研究对我国马铃薯主粮化战略和保障粮食安全有重要意义。［方法］运用对数平均迪式指数法（LMDI），以2005年和2015年我国省级地区马铃薯种植面积和产量为基础，对其增产格局和增产贡献因素进行定量化研究。［结果］（1）2005—2015年，我国马铃薯种植面积和产量总体态势表现为在波动中上升，前6位的省区贡献了增产量的7803%，西南混作区和北方一季区是我国马铃薯增产主要区域。(2)从增产增幅来看，低于全国平均增速的滞后增产类型和高于全国平均增速的超速增产类型的省域单元最多，分别占到44%和32%，超速增产的地区主要集中在西部，西北一季区和云贵一二混作区马铃薯种植地位不断上升。(3)增产的21个省区中，有11个单产增加贡献较大， 10个面积增加贡献较大。单产增加对增产贡献极显著的省为山东、辽宁、黑龙江、湖南、福建和贵州6省，面积增加对产量增加贡献极显著的地区主要有青海、云南、甘肃、湖北、宁夏和四川等地。［结论］对于主要依靠面积增加来提高产量的地区，应合理配置轮作作物，增大科技投入，推广优良品种更新，挖掘耕地增产潜力。     

1978~2014年间中国玉米生产的时空特征变化研究

［目的］厘清中国玉米生产的时空变化特征,有助于保障玉米的持续、稳定供应。［方法］文章采用经验模态分解等方法,基于玉米总产、播种面积及单产3个指标,从全国和省域两个尺度系统分析1978~2014年中国玉米生产的时空特征。［结果］（1）研究期间,全国玉米产量增加了1.60亿t,其波动量呈现先增大后减小的趋势,波动指数的变化幅度不大; 玉米播种面积增加了1716万hm2,其变化趋势与玉米总产量的变化趋势基本一致;玉米单产从1978年的2802.7kg/hm2波动性增至2014年的5809.1kg/hm2,总体波动幅度大于玉米播种面积和总产量的波动幅度。（2）研究期间,省域玉米增加量呈现出“北高南低”的特征,中国玉米生产重心进一步北移;省域玉米播种面积增加量呈现出“北高南低”“西高东低”的特征,东北区和华北区的玉米播种面积进一步扩大;省域玉米单产增加量呈现出“西高东低”“北高南低”的特征,省域单产以趋势增长为主,但年际间的波动较剧烈。［结论］1978~2014年,省域间玉米生产分异特征明显,建议制定差别化的玉米生产策略。     

我国粮食主产区生态与粮食安全耦合协调分析*——基于1995—2015年面板数据

［目的］分析我国粮食主产区生态安全与粮食安全两者间的耦合协调状况的时空特征，探讨空间差异成因，为实现两者协同发展提供借鉴。［方法］文章运用耦合协调模型，选取13个粮食主产省（区）1995—2015的面板数据，测算生态与粮食安全耦合协调度，最后基于空间基尼系数模型对耦合协调度的空间差距进行分析。［结果］（1）我国13个粮食主产区农业生态安全与粮食安全存在周期性偏离，不少年份处于濒临失调或初级协调阶段； （2）粮食主产区省域农业生态安全与粮食安全的耦合协调性差异显著，空间基尼系数呈双“W”型波动走势，未来空间不协同性有加剧的风险。［结论］粮食主产区必须明确粮食生产活动的生态底线，特别是在农业生态脆弱性较突出的产区，加强对农业生态安全与粮食安全协同发展情况的动态监管； 粮食主产区之间要建立有效的联动与反馈机制来解决区域耦合协调不平衡性，修复农业生态环境并充分挖掘自然潜力。     

陕西省主要粮食作物种植结构时空变化特征分析

［目的］探究粮食作物种植结构时空分布特征，有利于进一步优化生产布局，对保障粮食的安全可持续生产具有重要意义。［方法］文章通过对1991—2016年陕西省主要粮食作物种植结构相关数据进行收集、整理和量化分析，探究主要粮食作物（小麦、玉米、水稻）种植面积的演变特征。采用标准差和变异系数探究各地粮食作物种植面积差异的波动性。进一步采用比较分析法和空间分析法研究粮食总种植面积、小麦和玉米种植面积的空间分布格局，并分析粮食作物种植面积的区域集中倾向与单产之间的相关性。［结果］（1）1991—2006年陕西省农作物总播种面积呈现波动性递减的趋势，2007—2016年整体呈现增长的趋势。整个研究阶段内，粮食作物种植面积及所占比重呈现递减的趋势。（2）1991—2005年小麦的种植面积及所占比重均呈现显著递减的趋势，2006—2016年小麦的种植面积稳定在1080万~1182万hm2，所占比重维持在45％～50％。1991—2008年玉米的种植面积波动相对较大，2009—2016年基本稳定在110万~120万hm2，种植面积所占比重整体呈递增趋势。稻谷种植面积及所占比重相对变化较小。（3）整体看，研究阶段内，陕西省各地区粮食作物总种植面积、小麦和玉米种植面积所占比重均变化不大，但地域间存在较大差异，其中榆林、渭南和咸阳粮食作物总种植面积所占比重较高。渭南、咸阳、西安、宝鸡等中部各市小麦和玉米种植分布最广。单产优势是陕西省粮食种植区域集中的一个重要原因。［结论］陕西省粮食作物种植面积有所降低，但各地之间的差异趋于稳定，粮食作物主要分布在关中平原地区，如何充分利用关中地区粮食种植集中优势，坚持粮食安全和现代高效农业相统一，对不断提高粮食核心竞争力至关重要。     

基于LMDI的三江平原地区粮食增产影响因素研究

［目的］分析三江平原地区粮食产量“十二连增”的贡献因素，为实现持续稳产高产目标提供决策依据。［方法］运用对数平均迪氏分解模型（LMDI），基于粮食播种面积、粮食单产两个视角，对2003—2015年三江平原地区23个县域尺度的粮食增产因素进行分解。［结果］从增产格局看，三江平原东部、北部地区增产效果优于西部、南部，且水稻增产最显著，玉米次之，大豆产量呈下降趋势； 从增产总效应看，粮食播种面积和单产均呈现正向效应，但单产效应贡献量不足播种面积效应贡献量的1/3； 从分作物分效应看，播种面积效应与单产效应的贡献量均为水稻>玉米>大豆，大豆播种面积累积效应为负值。［结论］研究区粮食生产的“十二连增”是以播种面积扩大为主的外延式增产。今后在稳定粮食播种面积的同时，加强优质高产作物品种的培育、发展精准农业、进一步提高作物单产，才是保障三江平原地区粮食增产的关键。     

四川省粮食生产变化及供给侧结构性调整——基于1985~2016年统计数据

［目的］对四川省粮食生产变化、供给侧结构进行分析，结合政策提出供给侧结构性调整对策，为四川省粮食供给侧结构改革提供理论依据。［方法］采用数理统计法和比较分析法，应用 Excel软件对1985~2016年四川省粮食总产和主要粮食作物产量、粮食单产和主要粮食作物单位产量、粮食总播种面积和主要粮食作物播种面积、人口数量等数据信息进行系统化整理，统计和比较分析四川省粮食生产的动态变化及其供给侧结构特征。［结果］（1）总产量基本稳定在3000~3500万t之间， 32年间增产23年，减产9年。近11年来单产连续增长，变化幅度范围为4218.9~5397.5kg/hm2，涨幅为21.8%。播种面积近年来基本稳定在640万hm2。（2）玉米的总产量增产贡献最大，中稻在减产中份额最多，小麦的产量连年持续减少，豆类的产量总体持续增加，薯类产量增加多于减少。全年粮食以及中稻和玉米在2016年单产水平达到最高，其中玉米增幅最大，其次为薯类。几种主要的粮食作物播种面积占比为95%~99%。中稻占比最大，其次是小麦，两者占比高达50%左右。其他作物播种面积占比逐渐增加。（3）口粮总消费量总体呈现下降特征，与粮食总产量相比，足以满足口粮需求； 但饲料和酿酒用粮需求缺口较大，需要从省外调入，调入品种主要是玉米、小麦和杂粮； 全省粮食供求形势产不足需、转化用粮缺口较大。居民粮食消费由主要满足量的需求升级为注重满足质的需求。［结论］（1）粮食总产量总体平稳波动增长。总产量变化因素中，单产贡献率大于面积贡献率；（2）粮食单产总体逐步提高，全年粮食以及中稻、玉米单产水平突破了历史水平，单产受中稻单产影响最大；（3）粮食作物播种面积基本稳定。中稻和小麦占比最高。玉米、薯类、豆类播种面积逐年增加；（4）口粮总消费量整体减少，饲料和酿酒用粮缺口较大，全省粮食供求紧张、转化用粮缺口较大。城乡居民粮食消费急需由量到质升级。     

2003~2015年河南省粮食增产格局与贡献因素研究

［目的］2003~2015年河南省粮食生产实现了“十二连增”，为保障全国粮食供应和粮食安全发挥了重要作用，理清12年来河南省粮食增产因素与地域格局，可为河南省调整农业政策，进一步保持和提升粮食产量提供依据。［方法］基于2003~2015年河南省粮食作物播种面积、产量等数据，运用数理统计和GIS空间分析方法测算了河南省粮食增产的作物和地市贡献，以及耕地面积和单产对粮食增产的贡献率，并对各地市的增产作物和贡献因素进行了分析。［结果］河南省粮食产量实现“十二连增”主要得益于河南传统粮食作物玉米和小麦的增产，二者贡献率达9192%，小麦贡献稍大于玉米； 单位面积产量的提升对于河南省粮食“十二连增”的贡献要大于播种面积的增加； 两大粮食作物小麦和玉米的增产主要得益于单产的提升； 12年来，河南省18个地市粮食产量都是增产状态，豫东南地区的南阳、商丘、信阳、周口和驻马店5地市为河南省粮食增产的主力。［结论］未来河南省需要在稳定粮食播种面积的基础上，进一步提高粮食作物的单产水平来稳定和提升其粮食生产能力和增长潜力。     

山东省粮食生产波动及主要投入要素效应的实证分析——基于17地市的面板数据

山东省17市粮食总产和单产从2002~2012年均呈增加趋势,其中,德州粮食产量和增产幅度最大,菏泽总产位居第二,而单产较低。菏泽、临沂、潍坊、聊城等产粮大市粮食单产仍有很大提升潜力。采用改进的多要素投入柯布-道格拉斯生产函数对山东省17个地市2002~2012年粮食总产量及影响其粮食生产三大投入要素(粮食种植面积、化肥施用总量、农业机械总动力)的面板数据进行的计量分析表明,粮食种植面积、化肥施用总量、农业机械总动力与山东粮食总产量均呈正向相关关系,且粮食播种面积、化肥施用总量和农业机械总动力每增加1个百分点,粮食产量分别增长1.097个百分点、0.258个百分点和0.082个百分点,在山东省粮食生产要素投入贡献份额上,技术进步贡献率达52.9%。种植面积对粮食总产量的贡献率达34.27%,化肥施用总量对粮食总产量的贡献率为10.26%,而农机总动力的贡献率为2.57%。根据研究结论提出促进山东省粮食生产持续稳定发展的建议,即确保粮食种植面积、科学运筹施肥、研发推广适用型农业机械、增加粮食生产中的农业科技投入、完善农业科技创新体系。     

中国粮食生产与灌溉用水脱钩关系分析

本文利用脱钩理论，选择了粮食产量之和占全国总产量90％以上的19个省（市、区），对中国粮食生产与灌溉用水脱钩关系进行分析。结果表明，只有贵州省实现了粮食生产与灌溉用水之间的绝对脱钩，内蒙古、黑龙江、浙江等8个省（区）的粮食生产与灌溉用水之间呈现一种准相对脱钩的关系。河北、辽宁、吉林等10个省的粮食生产与灌溉用水之间仍然呈现一种耦合关系，而且有的省份呈现出较强的耦合关系。在粮食产量与灌溉用水量关系的影响因素方面，用于粮食生产的耕地面积对粮食产量的贡献率，准相对脱钩的省份要高于耦合的省份；化肥用量对粮食产量的贡献率，准相对脱钩的省份要低于耦合的省份；农业劳动力投入与粮食产量之间呈现负相关的关系。同时，水稻播种面积对灌溉用水量的影响程度高于玉米播种面积和小麦播种面积的影响程度。     

水足迹视角下京津冀县域粮食作物水土资源匹配格局

目的 农业水土资源是粮食生产的决定因素，探明京津冀粮食生产中水土资源匹配格局特征对区域经济发展有深远的影响。方法 文章从水足迹的视角出发，分析了1980—2018年京津冀县域5种主要粮食作物（小麦、玉米、稻谷、大豆、薯类）的产量、播种面积、水足迹、耕地面积的时空变化，运用水土匹配系数法及ArcGIS深入研究了1983年、1998年、2003年和2016年水土资源匹配格局，并进一步剖析区域农业水土匹配对农业生产的影响。结果 （1）当前京津冀水土匹配系数区间为［0.02，1.25］，超出区间范围［0.281， 0.431］；粮食生产格局与水土匹配系数空间格局均为“冀中南高、北部低”。（2）研究时段内，京津冀粮食总产量提高1.14倍，播种总面积降低19.28%，粮食单产量显著提高；灌溉提高粮食单产量，水土匹配系数与粮食单产量呈正相关。（3）1980—2019年京津冀5种作物蓝水足迹均值（136.64亿m³）是绿水足迹均值（99.60亿m³）的1.37倍，各作物水足迹变化不同，间接反映地区农业种植结构的改变。（4）京津冀水足迹总量提高2.45倍，耕地总量下降20.59%，水土匹配系数变大，农业水土匹配程度差，间接指示研究区域地下水开发程度高。结论 京津冀县域水土资源匹配存在较大提升空间，应从当地水土资源存在的问题出发，适当调整作物种植结构，关注区域地下水超采等限制农业发展的因素，促进京津冀地区农业水土资源可持续发展。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.