基于OLS和分位数回归的农地整理管护绩效研究

研究目的:在对农地整理管护绩效进行测度的基础上,揭示管护绩效的影响因素及其在不同分位点处的变化特征。研究方法:结构—行为—绩效的研究范式和基于OLS回归、分位数回归的实证检验。研究结果:(1)实证区域管护绩效均值为35.620,标准差为5.583,呈非正态的"单峰模式"分布;(2)OLS回归结果指出,制度结构和管护行为显著影响农地整理管护绩效,验证了"结构—行为—绩效"分析框架的有效性;(3)分位数回归的结果说明,低、中、高水平区间内管护绩效的影响因素不完全一致。研究结论:分位数的研究视角有助于深入分析管护绩效的样本分布区间特征,在不同绩效水平区间应综合运用多种管理措施以提升管护绩效。     

中国农地非农化市场化水平地区差异分析

研究目的:测度2003—2008年中国农地非农化市场化水平,并运用变异系数和泰尔指数分析农地非农化市场化水平差异化的原因,揭示提升中国农地非农化市场化水平的政策含义。研究方法:比例分析法、变异系数分析法、泰尔指数分析法。研究结果:(1)2003—2008年农地非农化市场化水平6年平均值为18.50%,2003年农地非农化市场化水平为20.69%,2008年农地非农化市场化水平为11.45%;(2)农地非农化市场化水平平均值最高的地区与最低的地区相差35.18%,2003—2008年间农地非农化市场化水平的变异系数和泰尔指数均有所上升。研究结论:(1)中国农地非农化市场化水平不高且呈现下降趋势;(2)东、中、西部三大区域农地非农化市场化水平的差异受区域内差异和区域间差异的影响,区域间差异对总体差异的贡献率小于区域内差异对总体差异的贡献率;(3)要提高中国农地非农化市场化水平,就必须加大农地非农化市场化改革力度,降低区域内市场化水平的差异。     

农用地整理对区域景观动态与生态风险影响研究——以福建省建溪流域为例

研究目的:以福建省建溪流域为例,基于2010—2016年的景观类型数据和农用地整理数据,分析农用地整理对区域景观动态和生态风险的影响。研究方法:单一变量法,景观格局指数,生态风险指数。研究结果:(1)2010—2016年间通过农用地整理工程增加的耕地主要在海拔高于300 m的区域;(2)农用地整理工程中的新增耕地主要来源于草地、园地和林地,也有部分城镇村及工矿用地、交通用地等由于村庄合并或矿区土地复垦等原因被整理为耕地;(3)每一种农用地整理工程类型都是一种风险源,其释放的风险压力主要有景观单一化和景观破碎化两种;(4)2010—2016年建溪流域的生态风险值介于2 386.11～2 394.76,2010年后生态风险指数逐年降低。研究结论:本文对大尺度上关于农用地整理对景观生态的影响研究有借鉴意义,可以为区域尺度的土地利用优化设计和农用地整理设计规划提供科学依据。     

总量与结构视角耕地多功能对农业经济增长的影响——以湖北省为例

研究目的:从总量与结构视角探讨湖北省耕地多功能对农业经济增长的影响。研究方法:熵权法和扩展C-D生产函数分析法。研究结果:(1)总量视角耕地多功能对农业经济增长的影响统计上显著为正,结构视角统计上显著为负;(2)本文分为2000—2007年和2007—2014年两个时段,研究结果表明,2007—2014年总量视角耕地多功能对农业经济增长的正向影响大于2000—2007年的正向影响,结构视角的负向影响在两个时段的差异特征与总量视角相同;(3)将研究区分为重点发展区、农产品主产区、生态功能区的研究结果表明,总量视角耕地多功能对农业经济增长的正向影响表现为:重点发展区农产品主产区生态功能区,而结构视角的负向影响表现为:农产品主产区重点发展区生态功能区。研究结论:研究区耕地多功能的总量效应比较明显,而多功能之间的多样化协同效应还未得到发挥;不同主体功能区需实施差异化的耕地多功能利用与管理策略,促进一二三产业融合发展,同时,加强对农户的技术指导与培训,推动农业经济持续增长。     

中国耕地资源利用的碳排放时空特征及脱钩效应研究

研究目的:揭示中国耕地资源利用的碳排放时空分异规律及其与农业经济增长之间的脱钩关系,以期为中国耕地资源低碳化利用政策的制定和推行提供参考。研究方法:IPCC碳排系数法,TAPIO脱钩分析法。研究结果:(1)中国耕地资源利用的碳排放整体上呈现增长趋势,但2010年后增速趋于下降并于2016年开始转入负增长,省际差异不断扩大的同时区域间差异趋于缩小;(2)中国耕地资源利用的碳排放强度总体上处于下降态势,省际和区域间碳排放强度的差异总体上趋于缩小;(3)中国耕地资源利用的不同碳排放源的碳排放量及增速呈现不同的时序波动特征,同时存在明显的地域差异性,其中,化肥是最主要碳排放源;(4)中国2000—2012年耕地资源利用的碳排放与农业经济增长之间呈现以"弱脱钩"为主,但2013—2017年不同省域的脱钩类型及脱钩程度趋于差异化。研究结论:中国耕地资源利用碳排放的时空分异性显著,且与农业经济增长之间不同阶段和不同省域呈现不同脱钩类型,需突出减排重点、实施差异化策略及注重绿色发展等多途径推进耕地资源低碳化利用,提高政策的精准性。     

基于DEA法的重庆市农村土地市场绩效评价

研究目的:尝试界定农村土地市场绩效的内涵,构建农村土地市场绩效评价的DEA模型并进行实证研究。研究方法:DEA中的C2R模型及超效率DEA模型。研究结果:(1)农村土地市场绩效是农村土地市场运行效率、市场功能效果的综合表征;(2)经济发展水平高的地区的农村土地市场绩效优于经济发展水平低的地区;(3)不同地域的农村土地市场绩效异质性显著。研究结论:DEA模型适用于农村土地市场绩效评价,农村土地市场绩效内涵的界定有利于科学构建评价模型以及科学评价重庆市农村土地市场绩效。     

碳中和目标下中国耕地绿色低碳利用的区域差异与影响因素

研究目的：揭示碳中和目标下中国耕地绿色低碳利用的区域差异与影响因素,为实现耕地资源可持续利用和农业高质量发展提供参考。研究方法：超效率SBM模型、核密度估计和面板Tobit回归模型。研究结果：（1）2000—2019年,中国耕地绿色低碳利用水平整体上呈现提升趋势,粮食功能区耕地绿色低碳利用水平也表现出不同程度的上升态势。（2）核密度估计结果显示,中国耕地绿色低碳利用水平演进过程存在明显的区域差异特征。（3）从全国层面来看,科技投入水平和农民生活水平对耕地绿色低碳利用具有显著正向影响,自然条件、财政支农水平、工业化水平和农业机械化水平对耕地绿色低碳利用具有显著负向影响;从粮食功能区来看,不同因素对耕地绿色低碳利用水平的影响方向与程度具有明显的差异。研究结论：中国耕地绿色低碳利用存在明显的区域差异特征,可通过“强化区域耕地生产要素高效配置”“完善相关政策工具设计”“加强农业技术研发与应用”提升耕地绿色低碳利用水平。     

影响山西省农村居民点整理的现实因素分析

研究目的:通过农村居民点整理的影响因素分析,探索山西省农村居民点整理的可行性。研究方法:理论分析与实证分析相结合。研究结果:(1)从房屋的结构和利用来看,山西省农村居民点整理的潜力为6.2%—8.0%;(2)从当前农村人口迁移的角度看,农村居民点整理的潜力很大,全省总体水平应该在20%以上;(3)从农村人口迁移前后农村居民点条件差异的角度,土地整理后增加耕地、建设用地数量要打折扣;(4)整村搬迁和拆旧平空是农村居民点整理的两种方式,适合不同情况;(5)农村居民点整理需要政府在资金方面给予大力支持;(6)向小项目倾斜、向基层倾斜是分散、小型的农村居民点整理的管理模式。研究结论:山西省农村居民点整理有巨大潜力,应该优先从耕地整理潜力大的几个盆地开展,优先实施拆旧平空的旧村改造。     

城乡发展一体化目标下的农村土地制度创新思考

研究目的:针对城乡发展一体化战略目标,探讨农村土地制度改革与创新对策。研究方法:综合分析法。研究结果:城乡发展一体化对农村土地资源的供给需求主要表现在三个方面:不断提高粮食等主要农产品供给保障能力,为城镇化、工业化、新农村建设提供必要的建设用地保障,为城乡居民的生活与生产提供良好的生态环境保障。研究结论:针对当前制约城乡发展一体化的农村土地主要问题,提出从以下几个方面进行农村土地制度创新:(1)完善强农惠农方式,优化耕地流转环境,为现代农业建设提供良好的土地条件;(2)改革农村建设用地使用制度,提升节约集约利用水平;(3)改革土地征收制度,完善城镇化土地资源的配置机制;(4)完善土地利用总体规划机制,真正发挥区域土地利用的宏观管制作用;(5)创新农村土地整治机制,推进城乡一体化的土地综合整治。     

长江中下游地区耕地后备资源空间分布及影响因素研究

研究目的:揭示长江中下游地区耕地后备资源的分布变化特征及其影响因素,以指导耕地后备资源开发。研究方法:重心模型、标准差椭圆等空间统计方法。研究结果:(1)相比2003年,2014年长江中下游地区耕地后备资源重心呈现向西南移动的趋势,耕地后备资源空间分布范围扩大,空间分布方向性减弱,主趋势方向呈顺时针旋转;(2)在长江中下游地区耕地后备资源分布变化的影响因素中,自然条件奠定了基本格局,人口分布的影响力逐步显现,经济发展是近年来变化的主导因素。研究结论:重心模型、标准差椭圆等空间统计方法能够从多视角揭示并可视化长江中下游地区耕地后备资源的空间分布特征并分析部分影响因素,可为耕地后备资源的开发政策提供理论指导。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.