财政投入增长与农民收入份额减少悖论——基于省际面板数据的经验分析

本文分析了2001~2009年我国农民收入份额下降的原因,重点探讨了财政支农支出的作用。研究表明,样本期间财政支农资金占比严重偏低、管理效率低下限制了财政政策对农民收入份额增长作用的发挥。样本期间我国农民收入份额下降了9.33个百分点,其主要原因是第一产业产值占GDP比重、农产品生产价格变动,两者合计解释了农民收入份额下降的88.01%。导致我国农民收入份额下降的因素还有城市化和土地出让金的增长,而农村教育、农村贷款占比和农村投资率则提高了农民收入份额。     

卷首语

加大财政支农力度,为农村提供更多的公共产品,是这几年人们议论较多的话题,而且人们似乎已经达成了以上的共识。然而,财政对农业的投入以多大规模为宜?财政资金投入农业的哪些领域、投入哪些地区的农业效果最佳?对于这些问题,人们关注得还不够。何振国以“政府财政支农支出的边际产出为l时,财政支农支出的规模为最优”为判断依据,测算出这个最优规模应当是农业增加值的47.2%。显然,上世纪90年代以来的财政支农支出与农业增加值的比例大大低于这个最优规模。进一步的分析表明,当年全国GDP和上年财政支农支出水平对当年财政支农支出增长有明…     

基于超效率SBM和BRT的农业生态文明建设效率分析

[目的]测度农业生态文明建设效率并分析其影响因素,揭示我国农业生态文明建设的省际差异及其存在的问题,分析改善潜力,提出改善措施。[方法]采用包含非期望产出的超效率SBM模型测度了我国2011~2014年各省份和四大区域(东北、东部、中部和西部)农业生态文明建设效率,并采用增强回归树方法分析了农业生态文明建设效率省际差异的影响因素。[结果]东北地区农业生态文明建设效率最高,其次是东部地区和西部地区,中部地区最低。中部地区、天津、贵州的农业源氨氮排放量和天津、宁夏的农业源化学需氧量排放量存在较大的冗余,具有较大的削减潜力;农业结构因素对农业生态文明建设效率省际差异的贡献度最大,畜牧业比重和种植业比重对农业生态文明建设效率省际差异的贡献率分别达到了17.1%和14.4%。其次是资源投入和经济发展水平,财政支持和区域因素的贡献度相对较小;农业生态文明建设效率总体上与人均GDP、农林水财政支出比重正相关,与畜牧业比重呈v型关系,与种植业比重、农业用水强度、化肥投入强度和农村用电强度负相关。[结论]优化农牧结构、提高财政支农力度、改善农业资源利用效率以及削减农业源污染物排放量是改善农业生态文明建设效率的重要途径。     

我国农民工资性收入影响因素的实证研究

本文首先对我国农民工资性收入影响因素的理论研究进行了综述,并结合本文研究的实际选择了影响农民工资性收入的主要相关因素,进而运用主成分回归法对各影响因素的影响程度和方向进行了实证分析。通过分析得出农民的文化程度、城镇化率、农村剩余劳动力转移率、农民人均交通和通讯支出比重、农村人均固定资产投资额和财政支农支出额对农民人均工资性收入影响成正相关,其中人均交通、通讯支出比重影响最大,农民的文化程度、城镇化率、农村剩余劳动力转移率影响比较明显,人均财政支农支出和农村人均固定资产投资的影响较弱;而农村人均乡镇企业贷款额对农民人均工资性收入影响成负相关,且影响比较微弱。文章还对上述实证结果的原因进行了分析,并据此对提高农民工资性收入提出了相应的对策。     

我国农地产权代际补偿基金的代际分配问题研究

[目的]文章提出农地资源代际补偿技术手段,探索适合国情的农地产权代际补偿基金模式,解决基金代际分配的定量分析问题,提升我国农地征收补偿公平政策制定的科学化水平。[方法]从外部性理论视角对农地功能价值属性重新归类,经济与生态属性价格叠加构成农地直接产品价格,通过农地直接产品价格形成农地产权价格。纳入代际公平因素,建立替代现行土地征收价格制度的农地产权代际补偿基金,基金资金主要由农地产权价格形成,全面体现当代人与后代人的产权利益。借助Diamond模型,构建农地产权价格代际分配公式,模拟农地征收后产权价格在当代人与后代人之间分配的决策行为。运用脱钩理论作为产权价格分配公式中代内消费倾向θ变量选取的理论依据,采用Tapio弹性系数法对θ值进行模拟,预测当代人与后代人之间的土地产权价格分配,以四川省乐至县为例进行具体实证计算。[结果]乐至县单位农地面积的产权价格是1 583.35万元/hm~2,预测出当代人30年以内分得的土地价格是791.67万元/hm~2,后代人支配剩余土地价格791.67万元/hm~2。[结论]经济与生态属性价格叠加的农地直接产品价格是农地产权代际补偿基金主要资金来源,基金可有效解决农地征收产权价格问题,体现当代人与后代人的共同产权利益; Diamond模型可模拟农地征收产权价格在当代与后代人之间的分配决策行为,经预测:伴随农民收入增加,代内消费倾向θ呈现逐步减少的趋势,代际支付意愿增加,当代人与后代人趋向对农地产权价格的均分。     

新起点新农民新农村

当前,我国农业和农村发生着重大而深刻的变化，正处于传统农业加快向现代农业过渡、农村传统社会加快向现代社会过渡的转型阶段。刚刚结束的中央农村工作会议和全国农业工作会议．吹响了发展现代农业、全面推进新农村建设的号角。党中央、国务院始终坚持把解决“三农”问题作为全部工作的重中之重，确立了“多予、少取、放活”、“两个趋向”、统筹城乡发展等支持“三农”工作的重大方针，构筑了支农惠农的政策框架．出台了诸多关系民生、民利、民权、民情、民心的政策和措施．农业税、农业特产税全面取消．种粮直补、良种补贴、农机补贴力度不断加大。财政支农资金和国债支农项目不断增加．事关农民切身利益的耕地保护、转移就业、养老保险、义务教育等制度和试点逐步落实。面向未来。“三农”事业的发展正处在一个新的历史起点上。     

退耕区“后补贴时代”亟待解决的问题及对策研究——基于京津张经济、技术合作基础上的分析与思考

2007年国务院下发了<关于完善退耕还林政策的通知>,意味着退耕还林进入了"后补贴时代"."后补贴时代"的补偿目的主要是巩固退耕还林成果,仍然以财政直接补贴为主,这种生态补偿机制有其局限性,不能从根本上巩固生态成果.补偿机制仍需要完善.本文以冀西北(张家口)为例,针对亟待解决困扰生态成果巩固的贫困、人口两大问题,立足于京津张各地优势资源,利用经济政策刺激京津等地资金、技术向冀西北转移,带动冀西北工业化和城市化发展,促进农村人口向城市和工业转移,减轻人口对生态的压力和破坏力,进而巩固退耕还林成果.     

西部大开发与财政支农举措

今年国家实施西部大开发战略 ,是推动我省经济发展的一次历史性机遇 ,四川省财政支农工作要紧紧围绕科教兴农、农业可持续发展两大战略 ,转变理财观念 ,在增加农业投入 ,加强资金管理的同时 ,优化支出结构 ,着力支持调整农业和农村经济结构 ,达到一个目标 (提高主要农产品综合生产能力 ) ,做到两个并重 (稳定与增收并重 ,开发与利用并重 ) ,搞好三个结合 (基础设施与基地建设相结合 ,工程措施与生物措施相结合 ,经济效益与生态、社会效益相结合 ) ,全面提高我省农业和农村经济效益 ,增加农民收入。1 优化支农支出结构 ,大力推进我省农业和农…     

农业部农业标准化实施示范项目资金管理暂行办法

第一条 为加速推进农业标准的推广应用，提高农业标准化生产水平，保障农产品质量安全，提高农业产业竞争力，促进农民增收，加强农业标准化实施示范项目资金管理，提高资金使用效益，根据《农业部财政项目支出管理暂行办法》（农财发[2002]36号），制定本暂行办法。     

财政支农促进农业增长方式转变的实践经验

农业的增长方式正在由粗放型向集约型转变。财政支农工作促进农业增长方式的转变是新时期的一项重要任务。近几年来，河南省把县财政局适应新形势需要，适时代化支农支出结构，集中资金，突出重点，在促进农业增长方式转变中取得明显成效。一、加大资金投入，促进农业产业化发展发展农业产业化是优化农村生产结构，合理配置生产要素，降低农民进入市场的成本，增加农民收入的重要手段。农业产业化可以改变现阶段由于农民单纯种粮和直接出售农产品造成农业附加值低、农业比较效益低、农民收益少的状况：可以实现多途径、多环节增收，达到粮食…     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.