土地整理景观生态评价方法及应用——以江汉平原土地整理项目为例

研究目的:建立土地整理景观生态评价方法,以江汉平原土地整理项目为例,研究土地整理的生态影响.研究方法:景观生态评价法和实证分析法.研究结果:(1)土地整理景观生态评价包括景观分类、数据处理和景观指数选择三方面内容;(2)整体景观尺度上.土地整理后景观变得更规则、结构更简单,但景观多样性下降;(3)景观类型尺度上,土地整理改变了耕地、坑塘、农村居民点、道路及沟渠等景观类型的特性,一方面可提高农田综合生产能力,另一方面,降低了坑塘等景观的生态作用.研究结论:土地整理景观生态评价方法是一种定量反映土地整理生态效应的方法.可为土地整理生态评价提供理论依据和决策支持.     

土地整治呼唤景观生态建设

研究目的:探讨土地整治景观生态建设基础,提出不同尺度的土地整治景观生态建设途径与方法,以引导土地整治的景观生态建设。研究方法:文献资料法,归纳分析法,比较分析法。研究结果:土地整治景观生态建设在大尺度上从规划层面构建生态板块和生态网络体系,确定土地整治的重点区域、重大工程布局;在中尺度上通过景观格局与生态过程分析,加强景观多样性保护,构建土地整治项目的空间格局;在小尺度上注重提高土地综合生产力的同时,重视斑块、廊道的景观生态化设计,提升景观生态功能性;同时积极拓展公众参与的途径、方式,注意汲取当地乡土知识、技巧和经验。研究结论:明确不同尺度的土地整治景观生态建设内容,尊重乡土景观与提高公众参与性,促进土地整治健康有序发展。     

基于景观格局与生态过程的土地整理生态效应评价——以天津市七里海镇为例

目前,对土地整理项目效益的评价多集中关注于经济效益评价,对生态效应的评价较少,更没有将评价结果应用于土地整理项目的规划设计和实施中。该文从生态系统结构的整体出发,结合宏观的景观格局与微观的生态过程,选取了斑块个数、破碎化指数、景观隔离度、植被覆盖率、生物多样性指数、物质循环速率、干扰频率和土壤质量8个二级评价指标,构建了土地整理项目的生态效应评价体系,运用归一化方法对评价指标量化,并结合天津市七里海镇土地整理项目进行实证研究,结果表明该土地整理项目在景观格局方面得到了较好的优化,斑块个数减少,破碎化指数降低,总体景观隔离度降低,但局部区域由于修建水泥道路导致隔离度增加。在生态过程方面,植被覆盖率提高,但呈现季节性,生物多样性降低,物质循环速率和干扰频率增加,土壤质量有较大提高。总体上,土地整理项目取得了耕地面积和土壤质量改善方面较好的效益,但在生态系统方面受到较大干扰,带来了负效应。今后需要在土地整理项目中从生态学角度进行规划设计,以取得经济、社会和生态综合效益。     

科学发展观下的土地利用规划方法 ——北京市东三乡之“反规划”案例

研究目的：探讨基于“反规划”思想的土地利用规划方法和将生态基础设施与土地利用规划相结合的具体途径，以促进土地资源的可持续利用。研究方法：景观安全格局分析方法、GIS空间分析方法。研究结果：（1）以北京市东三乡为例，提出了运用“反规划”理论和景观安全格局方法，通过建立不同安全水平的生态基础设施，进行土地控制分区，并制定相应的土地管理导则；（2）依据不同生态过程的景观安全格局和土地控制分区，调整各土地利用类型的空间布局，提高土地利用效率。研究结论：基于“反规划”思想的土地利用规划方法符合土地生命系统的内在机制，能够充分发挥土地资源的综合效益，可以为新一轮土地利用规划提供理念和方法上的借鉴，也是实现精明保护与精明发展的有效工具。     

矿区土地复垦景观格局变化和生态效应探索

从某一层面来讲,煤炭开采和土地复垦均会对土地景观格局带来不可逆的影响,且其生态效益也会发生一定转变。为了实现平衡生态的目标,需要积极探索矿区土地景观的格局演变以及生态效应。论述了矿区土地复垦景观格局变化和生态效应的相关内容。     

厦门岛土地利用格局空间尺度分析

基于SPOT2.5m遥感影像数据和地理信息系统技术,运用景观生态学原理,通过分析不同粒度条件下景观格局指数的变化特征,研究厦门岛土地利用景观格局对于空间尺度变化的响应,以期寻找研究区土地利用景观格局分析的适宜粒度。结果表明:除面积比例对粒度变化弱敏感外,其余所选景观指数对粒度变化相对敏感,体现出一定的尺度依赖性,因而在进行景观格局分析时要考虑尺度效应;在研究区进行土地利用景观格局分析的适宜粒度为10m。     

农用地整理对区域景观动态与生态风险影响研究——以福建省建溪流域为例

研究目的:以福建省建溪流域为例,基于2010—2016年的景观类型数据和农用地整理数据,分析农用地整理对区域景观动态和生态风险的影响。研究方法:单一变量法,景观格局指数,生态风险指数。研究结果:(1)2010—2016年间通过农用地整理工程增加的耕地主要在海拔高于300 m的区域;(2)农用地整理工程中的新增耕地主要来源于草地、园地和林地,也有部分城镇村及工矿用地、交通用地等由于村庄合并或矿区土地复垦等原因被整理为耕地;(3)每一种农用地整理工程类型都是一种风险源,其释放的风险压力主要有景观单一化和景观破碎化两种;(4)2010—2016年建溪流域的生态风险值介于2 386.11～2 394.76,2010年后生态风险指数逐年降低。研究结论:本文对大尺度上关于农用地整理对景观生态的影响研究有借鉴意义,可以为区域尺度的土地利用优化设计和农用地整理设计规划提供科学依据。     

土地整理项目区景观格局粒度效应初探

研究目的:分析土地整理项目区景观格局粒度效应,探讨粒度变化对土地整理前后景观格局变化的影响。研究方法:景观格局分析法。研究结果:(1)对小尺度范围上的平原型土地整理区,除平均斑块形状指数、平均斑块分维数对粒度变化的响应呈现弱敏感性外,其他指数均具有明显的粒度效应;(2)相关性强的景观指数变化趋势相近;(3)整理前后景观指数的粒度效应可分为变化规律一致且无明显变化拐点、变化规律不一致且整理前后具有不同变化拐点、无规律变化三种类型。研究结论:为准确分析土地整理前后景观格局变化情况,首先应选择合适粒度,对于小尺度范围上的平原型整理项目区,选择10—25m粒度较为适宜;在景观分析指数选择上,应选择敏感性强、相关性低的景观指数。     

2021年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2022年展望 ——土地工程与信息技术分报告

研究目的：归纳分析2021年国内外土地工程与信息技术领域的研究进展,展望研究趋势。研究方法：文献分析法。研究结果：2021年,国内研究主要集中在国土综合整治和生态修复基础理论、土地开发强度与模式、土地整治模式与功能、复垦土壤质量及生态环境效应评价、生态修复关键区识别与分区模拟、土地利用与覆盖信息提取及基于不同视角的土地信息多尺度动态监测;国外研究重点关注城市化背景下土地开发模式与评估、土地整理区划、土地复垦质量、土地修复材料与方法、景观与可持续土地生态恢复耦合、土地利用与土地覆盖信息处理与动态监测技术。研究结论：2021年土地工程与信息技术在土地开发模式、农用地整治、土地复垦质量、国土空间生态修复、土地信息获取与处理技术等方面取得了一定进展。2022年及未来,将在生态文明建设及双碳战略的背景下,重点关注土地资源开发利用低碳转型、土地复垦理论与评价、国土空间生态保护修复理论与技术、乡村振兴背景下村庄综合整治以及土地信息监测的高精度与多尺度优化等问题。     

3S技术在景观生态学中的应用研究概述

景观生态学是研究景观尺度上的生态学问题;3S技术是景观生态学的重要技术支撑它为景观生态学研究提供了极为有效的一系列工具,成为资料收集、存储、处理和分析所不可缺少的手段;对当前国内外利用3S技术在景观数据的获取、景观空间格局分析、景观生态监测、评价与管理、景观空间模拟、景观生态规划等方面的应用研究进行了概述,旨在为3S技术在景观生态学中的广泛应用起一定的推动作用。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.