中国地方政府土地租税收入变化对城市建设用地扩张的影响

研究目的:考察地方政府土地租税收入与城市建设用地扩张之间的相互影响。研究方法:以中国大陆1990—2013年的地方政府土地收入和建设用地数据进行实证检验,根据协整理论建立向量误差修正模型。研究结果:耕地占用税和国有土地使用权有偿出让收入与城市建设用地扩张具有长期均衡关系,土地租税收入具有促进城市建设用地扩张作用,其中土地出让收入是城市建设用地扩张的主要影响因素,地方政府土地租税收益分成的提高对城市建设用地扩张起到推动作用,建设用地变化仅与耕地占用税收入存在长期的双向因果关系。研究结论:地方政府的土地财政模式具有不可持续性,耕地占用税制度产生反向政策响应,合理调整土地财税体制和盘活存量土地才是地方政府经营城市土地的关键。     

基于面板数据的省域建设用地扩张驱动机制分析

为探明我国及东、中和西部地区建设用地扩张驱动因素作用机制,本文利用我国的29个省份1999-2013年数据,运用空间计量模型方法对建设用地扩张与驱动因素间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:1整体上看,人口、经济增长和固定资产投资与建设用地扩张体现为趋同效应,而产业结构调整有利于减少建设用地投入,反映地区差异政策的虚拟变量有利于促进建设用地扩张;2分区域来看,人口、经济增长和固定资产投资的作用均为正向,产业结构调整有利于东部地区减少建设用地投入,而对于中部和西部地区将促进建设用地扩张,反映政策变迁的虚拟变量对中部地区建设用地的扩张产生正向显著影响。最后,提出了东、中、西部地区差异化的对策建议为合理引导建设用地扩张提供参考。     

乌鲁木齐市城市化对土地利用结构的影响

利用乌鲁木齐市近年来的相关统计数据,分析了该市城市发展、土地利用结构变化情况、城市化对土地利用结构的影响.结果表明:乌鲁木齐市已进入城市化快速发展的关键期,产业结构逐步趋向合理,农用地向建设用地转化迅速,城市化对土地利用结构产生了有利与不利的影响,因此应该采取调整产业结构、制定城市空间发展战略、充分利用地下空间、建立土地利用动态监测与土地利用结构预警系统等措施促进土地利用结构变化与城市化协调发展.     

基于DSR的城乡结合部建设用地扩张机理研究

通过DSR研究框架,并将广西柳州市城乡结合部建设用地扩张的状态、驱动力和调控融入系统中进行综合分析,认为柳州市城乡结合部建设用地扩张的影响因素主要有政策与规划、人口与城市化水平、经济发展水平三个方面,用DSR模型将这三个因素与建设用地增长的关系表达出来,可将三个因素的作用方式分为促进建设用地增长、限制建设用地增长和促进建设用地集约利用等三种类型.     

我国特大城市用地扩张的驱动力分析

总结出1990年代以来我国特大城市用地扩张的3个特点：一为特大城市数量和用地总量持续增加，用地增速与城市化发展速度不协调；二为特大城市人均用地呈波动变化，市均用地则持续增加；三为特大城市用地结构中国林绿地和铺装道路面积明显增长；分析了影响我国特大城市用地扩张的驱动力因素有人口增长、经济发展、城市环境改善和社会因素等，通过逐步回归分析方法得出影响我国特大城市用地扩张的主要驱动力是人口增长和年末实有铕装道路面积的增长；为了今后能够合理有效地利用城市土地，有关部门应该积极采取相关政策来合理控制城市用地扩张的速度。     

城镇化背景下我国耕地的中长期预测

本文分析了中国耕地资源变化的现状;利用人口—耕地模型对中国耕地的中长期变化进行了预测;利用模型对各项建设用地的扩张和占用耕地情况进行了预测;对耕地的各项变更进行了预测。主要结论有耕地减少速度近中期较快,长期转缓;建设用地的扩张和占用耕地的数量取决于总人口的发展和城镇化的进程;建设占地将成为未来耕地减少的主要项目。提出应建立和实施严格的土地普查和管理制度,提高城市土地的利用效率和城郊农业的土地生产效率,提高耕地的质量水平,加强可持续发展规划以实现对土地资源的合理利用。     

城市建设用地规模预测方法与应用研究

合理确定城市用地规模,是衡量城市理性发展的重要依据。将灰色关联度引入城市建设用地的预测中,通过对双因素理论模型进行改进,建立建设用地规模的预测模型,通过对哈尔滨市2010年以及2020年城市建设用地规模进行预测,得知哈尔滨市的建设用地规模将会急剧扩张,这样势必会占用宝贵的耕地。抑制用地规模急剧扩张的势头,应采取挖掘城市存量土地的潜力,注重城市内涵发展,正确处理保护耕地与城市发展的关系,在加强土地用途管制的同时增加规划控制的灵活性与弹性。     

盘活存量建设用地 控制新增建设用地

近年来，江苏省涟水县国土资源局在县委、县政府的领导下，科学规划，挖掘城镇存量土地，有效地控制了城市的外延扩张，提高了土地利用率，促进了城市化建设和工业化发展。1.从源头抓起，立足存量，充分发挥规划的宏观调控作用。认真编制县乡两级土地利用总体规划和城市建设规划，充分发挥土地在经济建设中的宏观调控作用。一是以供给制约和引导需求。首先保证国家和省重点项目用地需求，同时合理安排城市基础设施建设，科学规划工业用地。二是合理安排城乡居民点用地。通过调整城镇居民用地结构和整合农村居民点用地，到2020年可以腾出土地…     

新疆产业结构优化对土地需求的影响分析

通过分析新疆产业结构和土地资源利用状况,运用数理统计方法分析了影响新疆产业对土地需求变化的驱动力,并采用定量与定性相结合的方法描述了三次产业产值比重和用地比重的变化趋势,最后,提出了保障土地资源利用与产业结构和谐发展的建议,对调整新疆产业结构和优化土地利用结构具有一定参考价值和指导意义.     

城镇化背景下江苏省建设用地扩张时空特征研究

建设用地是城市发展的重要载体，城镇化的发展必然导致建设用地的扩张，分析建设用地扩张特征对于区域土地利用结构优化具有重要意义。本研究以江苏省为例，利用江苏省2005年至2020年的土地利用数据，从建设用地扩张速度、扩张强度两方面对建设用地扩张时间特征进行分析；通过构建标准差椭圆得出建设用地重心，从建设用地重心迁移距离、重心迁移方向、重心迁移速率等方面对建设用地扩张空间特征进行分析。最后提出江苏省土地利用结构优化的对策建议，研究成果为区域土地利用规划提供积极的参考作用。     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

The Real of Community,the Desire for Development and the Performance of Egalitarianism in the Peruvian Andes: A Materialist–Utopian Account

The paper proposes a materialist–utopian perspective for explaining the persistence of community in the Andes by drawing upon Lacanian theory and the thought of the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui. What characterizes the Andean comunidad are not notions of belonging and identity, but the existence of a fundamental antagonism (what I call the ‘Real of community’). The argument unfolds ethnographically. Usibamba, a peasant comunidad in the central Peruvian Andes, is known as a highly egalitarian and disciplined comunidad. However, a disjunction exists between deep‐seated aspirations of justice and egalitarianism and the particularistic interests of families and individuals. This disjunction manifests itself in a contradictory, schizophrenic regime of discipline and negotiation that produces ‘split subjects’. Desiring development and the staging of theatrical performances of egalitarianism enables Usibambinos to deal with this disjunction and to present an image of unity and determination. I conclude that the comunidad persists through ‘impossible political acts’ brought about by a residual but growing category of landless comuneros who constitute ‘the part of no part’, the uncounted or unnamed.     

边缘旅游地开发研究——以赤峰市为例

边缘旅游地正逐渐成为旅游发展研究的热点之一;在阐述边缘旅地形成机理的基础上,分析了赤峰市旅游业边缘化的原因及表现;对边缘旅游地赤峰市的旅游业开发进行可行性分析,提出摆脱旅游业边缘化的对策和措施,强调必须紧紧依托周边京津冀辽等核心旅游地,注重区域间的优势互补,借助周围核心旅游地的优势扩大赤峰市的旅游市场,在边缘地树立大旅游观念,同时依据赤峰市自身的资源优势不断开发特色旅游产品、打造品牌,积极培养优秀的旅游人才。     

天津地热资源可持续开发利用对策

天津有着十分丰富的地热资源,至2003年底,已有地热井235眼,年开采量2701万m3。但地热资源利用率最高为62.4%,地热尾水回灌率不到8%,基本是一种粗放的开发利用模式。文章从实现地热资源可持续开发利用角度出发,针对天津地区不同热储层的特征,提出适宜的利用方式,提高地热利用率。而且指出必须走回灌开发道路,增加回灌井,提高回灌率是实现地热资源可持续开发利用的重要保障。     

Projections of maize yield vulnerability to droughts and adaptation options in Uganda

Sub-Saharan Africa is likely going to experience more intense and frequent droughts with high parallel possibilities of ramifications on maize yields. While there is a lot of scholarship dwelling on the ramifications of droughts on maize yields at the level of Africa, little has been researched at lower scales. This study presents past (1960–2014) vulnerability of maize yields to droughts based on a previous study (Epule et al., 2017) and projects the future vulnerability of maize yields to droughts by calculating the sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity of maize yields to droughts for the period 2015–2050. The results show that maize yields are more vulnerable in the north of Uganda for the period 1960–2014. However, adaptive capacity is higher in the south. Maize yields also record higher levels of sensitivity and exposure in the north with the latter patterns explained by variations in precipitation, temperature, rich volcanic soils, access to rivers and lakes. In terms of future vulnerability for the period 2015–2050, this study shows that the level of vulnerability of maize yields to droughts in Uganda will increase to levels higher than what currently obtains. For example, the vulnerability index will increase from 0.54 under the 1.5 °C to 0.70 under the 2.0 °C and to 1.54 under the 2.5 °C scenario. Sensitivity is also likely to increase while exposure and adaptive capacity are most likely to remain the same. Overall, it can be said that the future of maize production in Uganda under present and future circumstances remains very bleak without concrete actions. As a way forward, land use policy designers will have to integrate water management, agroforestry, climatic information diffusion, training and indigenous knowledge into land use planning decisions in the context of agriculture.     

The role of knowledge,attitudes and perceptions in the uptake of agricultural and agroforestry innovations among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa

Despite the great potential of agricultural innovations, the uptake by smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa seems to be slow. We reviewed existing theories and frameworks for the uptake of agricultural innovations and found that these tend to emphasize the role of extrinsic factors such as the characteristics of the adopter and the external environment in the decision-making process. In this paper, we argue that intrinsic factors such as the knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of the potential adopter towards the innovation play a key role, but this has been less studied. We present an analytical framework that combines both extrinsic and intrinsic factors in farmers' decisions to adopt new agricultural technologies and apply the framework to agroforestry adoption as a case study. We review the literature on agroforestry adoption in sub-Saharan Africa and identify the extrinsic and intrinsic variables affecting the uptake of agroforestry technologies. We conclude that the uptake of agricultural technologies is a complex process influenced by both extrinsic and intrinsic variables, and recommend that future studies aiming to understand the adoption process of agricultural innovations take into account both sets of variables. A mechanistic understanding of how intrinsic and extrinsic factors interact and drive adoption can help in targeting technologies appropriately to ensure sustainability.     

CAP Subsidies and Productivity of the EU Farms

The paper investigates the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies on farm total factor productivity (TFP) in the European Union (EU). We employ a structural semi‐parametric estimation algorithm directly incorporating the effect of subsidies into a model of unobserved productivity. We empirically study the effects using the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) samples for the EU‐15 countries. Our main findings are clear: subsidies impact negatively on farm productivity in the period before the decoupling reform was implemented; after decoupling the effect of subsidies on productivity is more nuanced and in several countries it turned positive.     

Poverty Reduction Effects of Agricultural Technology Adoption: The Case of Improved Cassava Varieties in Nigeria

We use DNA‐fingerprinting to estimate the poverty reduction effect of adoption of improved cassava varieties in Nigeria. We estimate the counterfactual household income distribution of cassava producers by combining farm‐level treatment effects with a market‐level model. Our results suggest that adoption of improved cassava varieties has led to a 4.6 percentage point reduction in poverty, though this is sensitive to the measurement of adoption status. Therefore, accurate measurement of adoption is crucial for a more credible estimate of the poverty reduction effect of adoption. Our analysis also suggests that farmers who are more likely to be adopters are also likely to face higher structural costs. Addressing structural barriers that make improved technologies less profitable for the poor would therefore be important to increase the poverty reduction effect of improved cassava varieties.     

The retention ability of the agricultural landscape in the emergency planning zone of the Temelín nuclear power plant and its changes since the 19th century

Drainage and loss of wetland sites is a major problem of the agricultural landscape, as it reduces the landscape’s ability to retain water, nutrients, matter, and minimize erosion. With this in mind, the issue of the ability of wet sites to retain radionuclides and contaminated water in the case of a radiation accident was studied. In 2013, field research examined the occurrence of wetland retention sites in the emergency planning zone (EPZ) of the Temelín nuclear power plant (NPP; Czech Republic). As data sources, wetland biotopes (European network Natura 2000) were considered; in addition, retention features were field mapped, i.e. landscape elements of a wetland nature not normally considered nationally significant for conservation. Within the emergency zone, 2854.7 ha of wetland biotopes were registered and 318.9 ha retention features mapped. Density of retention sites (in ha/km²) per cadastre (local administrative units) was used to represent their spatial distribution within the zone. For an assessment of possible revitalization measures, leading to an increase in the landscape’s retention ability, spatial changes in the area of retention sites between 2013 and the mid-19th century, a period before extensive drainage of landscape occurred and a simplification of its structure, were mapped. Historic land maps (The Imperial Obligatory Imprints of the Stable Cadastre) were used as a basis of information on the occurrence and area of fens and wet meadows (4771.5 ha).For spatial comparisons of drained and undrained landscape in the past and present, the density of retention sites per cadastre was calculated. In the mid-19th century, 80% of cadastres had a density of retention sites exceeded 5 ha/km²; in 2013 only 40% of cadastres achieved this. In the most part, drained areas of the zone belong to the central part (around the power plant), as well as the EPZ’s eastern and south-eastern regions. From the density maps of retention sites, as well as from the stable cadastre imprints, it is possible to identify areas and retention features suitable for wetland restoration, thus leading to an increase in the retention capacity of the landscape in terms of water and radionuclide retention. Suggestions as to how to restore and turn retention features into semi-natural wetlands, as well as integrating small wetlands into an agriculture landscape are outlined.