城乡一体化进程中乡村土地利用效益评价

文章在实地(河北省邢台市)调研基础上,通过文献分析与成本分析相结合的方法对城乡一体化进程当中乡村土地利用效益进行系统的评价,并在此基础上揭示出目前我国在城乡一体化进程当中乡村土地利用过程当中存在的问题,并给予相应的建议。研究结果表明:我国城乡一体化进程当中,对我国乡村土地利用效益影响较大的主要因素有政府政策不合理、对于土地利用效益缺乏足够认识,这些原因直接导致在城乡一体化进程当中乡村土地耕地边际化现象严重、城市建设用地规模过大、土地生态效益低下及乡村土地配置不合理等现象的出现。基于对土地效益评价与我国目前乡村土地利用状况的深入分析,该文认为应从土地的经济效益、社会效益及生态效益对于目前城乡一体化进程当中存在的土地利用效益偏低的现象进行整改,例如提高土地的集约度,实行大规模的机械化生产进而提高土地的经济效益;通过合理规划商业用地、居民住房用地及农业用地的比例提高土地的社会效益;发展多种形式的生态养殖与特色旅游业促进土地生态效益的提高。     

长株潭城市群建设用地供需及综合效益分析

文章以长株潭城市群为研究对象,对该区域城市建设用地供需形势进行分析。通过构建用地效益综合评价指标体系,利用协调度模型对该区土地利用效益协调度进行综合定量评价。结果表明:(1)长株潭城市群土地供需日益严峻,到2020年城市建设用地短缺量最大将达13530.07hm2;(2)长株潭城市群2000-2014年用地效益协调状况总体上呈由不协调向比较协调状态转变;(3)土地投入强度不断加大,土地的经济效益、环境效益增长较快,社会效益则呈波动性缓慢增长态势。为此,需加强提高土地集约利用水平与土地利用效率,提升土地资源对经济社会发展的支撑及保障能力,促进土地利用与经济社会协调发展。     

基于熵值法的乌什县农用地利用效益评价研究

文章结合乌什县农用地利用现状,从经济效益、社会效益、生态效益等3个方面采用10个指标层构建农用地利用效益评价指标体系,采用min-max标准化方法对各评价指标原始数据进行标准化处理,利用熵值法进行评价指标权重的确定,计算得出经济、社会、生态等3项指标的熵值及其对应的差异性系数,并测算各指标权重;以主成分分析法对多个影响因素进行降维,筛选核心影响因素,计算农用地利用的经济效益、社会效益及生态效益指数,并进行评价结果分析,得出乌什县农用地利用效益总体上处于稳中有升的趋势。并从加大设施农业的扶持力度、调整农地种植结构、发展立体农业、完善农业水利设施建设及推进农用地整理项目开展等方面提出提高乌什县农用地利用效益的对策建议,以期为乌什县农用地利用提供积极的指导作用。     

黑龙江省土地利用效益综合测度及耦合协调度研究

文章从土地利用经济、社会、生态效益入手构建适用于黑龙江省土地利用效益评价指标体系,结合熵值赋权与变异系数的综合确权法测算各城市土地利用经济、社会、生态效益水平及各指标权重,基于耦合协调度模型划分城市土地利用经济-社会-生态效益两两间耦合阶段与协调类型,研究表明:(1)黑龙江省西南部土地利用效益高于东北部,经济、生态、社会效益呈现明显的等级层次性,其中大庆与哈尔滨经济、社会效益居于首位,黑河与牡丹江生态效益最高;(2)黑龙江省生态-社会效益耦合协调强度大于经济-社会,经济-生态效益最低,多数城市处于拮抗耦合,仅伊春与黑河的经济-生态、经济-社会效益为低水平耦合;(3)黑龙江省西南部的协调程度整体高于东北部,其中仅哈尔滨与大庆土地利用效益为协调状态,其余城市均为失调。     

江苏省万顷良田建设工程实施效益评价——以镇江新区为例

以镇江新区为例,借鉴土地整理效益评价的原理及方法,从经济效益、社会效益和生态效益三个方面入手,用层次分析法(AHP)确定各评价指标权重,量化各评价指标,得出该区万顷良田建设工程综合效益评价值。评价结果表明:工程综合效益较好,但经济效益远高于社会效益及生态效益。在万顷良田建设工程实施过程中,应重视促进工程实施的社会效益和生态效益,达到经济效益、社会效益和生态效益协调共同发展。     

江苏省万顷良田建设工程实施效益评价——以镇江新区为例

以镇江新区为例,借鉴土地整理效益评价的原理及方法,从经济效益、社会效益和生态效益三个方面入手,用层次分析法(AHP)确定各评价指标权重,量化各评价指标,得出该区万顷良田建设工程综合效益评价值。评价结果表明:工程综合效益较好,但经济效益远高于社会效益及生态效益。在万顷良田建设工程实施过程中,应重视促进工程实施的社会效益和生态效益,达到经济效益、社会效益和生态效益协调共同发展。     

大连市土地资源利用效益评价

土地资源利用效益的高低与区域发展密切相关。本文对大连市土地资源利用结构和土地资源利用程度进行了分析,在此基础上结合大连市的社会现状,构建土地资源利用效益评价指标体系,采用变异系数法确定权重,运用综合指数模型对大连市土地资源利用的综合效益进行评价,最后对计算结果进行分析。结果表明:大连市土地资源利用综合效益指数整体呈上升趋势,2007～2011年处于较低效利用水平,2012～2016年处于中效利用水平。大连市土地资源利用的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益指数的变化有所波动但总体来说都呈上升趋势,其中生态效益对综合效益的影响最大,贡献率最大,其次是社会效益。对大连市土地资源利用效益的评价可以为相关部门制定政策提供依据从而促进大连市实现土地资源的可持续发展。     

城市建设用地开发强度与效益的动态响应关系——以兰州市为例

研究城市建设开发强度与利用效益之间的关系,明确城市建设用地利用效益对城市建设用地开发强度响应程度。以兰州市为研究对象,对2001～2016年城市建设用地开发强度和利用效益进行评价,并借助响应度模型研究了两者的动态响应关系。研究结果:(1)2001～2016年城市建设用地开发强度持续增长,效益提升显著;(2)城市建设用地利用效益变化对城市建设用地开发强度的增长始终表现出"正响应"特征,2001～2007年响应程度逐渐减弱,而2007～2016年响应程度逐渐增强;(3)城市建设用地利用效益与各影响因素呈现正相关关系,地均二三产业产值正向促进作用显著,城市建设用地比重对城市建设用地利用效益提升的作用次之。     

中国生猪养殖场种养一体化综合效益评价研究基于8省的实地调研

目的 种养分离的农业发展方式对生态环境造成严重破坏,是不可持续的发展方式,为重构种养一体化农业循环链条,促进农业健康可持续发展,通过实地调研,分析了中国生猪养殖场种养一体化现状,并从经济效益、社会效益和生态效益方面确定了14项综合效益评价指标,从实证角度对种养一体化农业系统的综合效益进行评价。方法 文章综合运用层次分析法和熵值法测算综合效益评价指标的权重,利用线性加权求和的方法对生猪养殖场种养一体化综合效益进行评价。结果 研究发现：在评价指标的权重方面,生态效益与社会效益的权重已经高于经济效益权重,说明当下社会更加注重生态和社会效益的发展;种养一体化农业系统的综合效益值明显高于非种养一体化,小、中、大规模的生猪养殖场种养一体化综合效益值分别是非种养一体化的1.16、1.20和1.17倍;综合效益值随养殖规模扩大呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,且养殖规模为1 300头左右时综合效益值最高。结论 虽然种养一体化农业系统的综合效益高于专业化农业生产,但在生猪养殖场种养一体化中仍然存在种养失衡、种养协作微弱等问题,尚未达到系统最优化,因此从种养平衡、养分管理体系建设、提高沼气工程利用率和优化种植结构方面提出对策建议。     

退耕还林工程综合效益评价指标体系研究——湖南省案例

以湖南省退耕还林工程综合效益为研究对象,采用层次分析法(AHP)和德尔菲法(Delphi)对湖南省退耕还林工程的综合效益进行分析,提出湖南省退耕还林工程综合效益评价指标体系。总目标层为湖南省退耕还林工程综合效益,准则层为经济效益、社会效益、生态效益,指标层为26项;对工程综合效益中各项评价指标的权重分析结果,生态效益占65.9%,社会效益占18.5%,经济效益占15.6%;生态效益最为显著。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

The Real of Community,the Desire for Development and the Performance of Egalitarianism in the Peruvian Andes: A Materialist–Utopian Account

The paper proposes a materialist–utopian perspective for explaining the persistence of community in the Andes by drawing upon Lacanian theory and the thought of the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui. What characterizes the Andean comunidad are not notions of belonging and identity, but the existence of a fundamental antagonism (what I call the ‘Real of community’). The argument unfolds ethnographically. Usibamba, a peasant comunidad in the central Peruvian Andes, is known as a highly egalitarian and disciplined comunidad. However, a disjunction exists between deep‐seated aspirations of justice and egalitarianism and the particularistic interests of families and individuals. This disjunction manifests itself in a contradictory, schizophrenic regime of discipline and negotiation that produces ‘split subjects’. Desiring development and the staging of theatrical performances of egalitarianism enables Usibambinos to deal with this disjunction and to present an image of unity and determination. I conclude that the comunidad persists through ‘impossible political acts’ brought about by a residual but growing category of landless comuneros who constitute ‘the part of no part’, the uncounted or unnamed.     

边缘旅游地开发研究——以赤峰市为例

边缘旅游地正逐渐成为旅游发展研究的热点之一;在阐述边缘旅地形成机理的基础上,分析了赤峰市旅游业边缘化的原因及表现;对边缘旅游地赤峰市的旅游业开发进行可行性分析,提出摆脱旅游业边缘化的对策和措施,强调必须紧紧依托周边京津冀辽等核心旅游地,注重区域间的优势互补,借助周围核心旅游地的优势扩大赤峰市的旅游市场,在边缘地树立大旅游观念,同时依据赤峰市自身的资源优势不断开发特色旅游产品、打造品牌,积极培养优秀的旅游人才。