赤峰市沙化土地监测与评价

对赤峰市沙化土地1994年和2004年的情况进行了综合分析,结果表明:沙化土地总面积为1914983hm2,占全市总面积的22.2%;有明显沙化趋势的土地1029690hm2,占全市总面积的119%;流动沙地占7.8%,半固定沙地占10.1%,固定沙地占80.5%,露沙地占0.5%,沙化耕地占1.1%;沙化耕地占1.1%,沙化林地占24.8%,沙化草地占65.8%,未利用沙化土地占8.3%;轻度沙化土地占46.4%,中度沙化土地占35.2%,重度沙化土地占10.1%,极重度沙化土地占8.3%;10年间,沙化土地面积减少748797hm2,其中固定沙地增加81089hm2,半固定沙地减少174588hm2,流动沙地减少49066hm2,露沙地增加7457hm2,沙化耕地减少613690hm2。     

甘肃省酒泉市土地沙漠化现状及动态分析

[目的]沙漠化是酒泉市面临的主要生态环境问题之一,了解土地沙漠化现状,分析其动态演变特征,是维持区域生态安全,保证经济社会可持续发展的关键前提。[方法]研究依托GIS技术,结合最新卫星影像数据,采用野外调查和人机交互解译的方法,对酒泉市沙漠化土地面积、类型、程度进行了监测,同时通过对比酒泉市上期(2009年)沙漠化土地监测数据,分析了沙漠化土地的动态特征和变化原因。[结果]酒泉市现有沙漠化土地面积956.34万hm~2,较2009年减少了4.07万hm~2,年变化率-0.08%,呈整体减少趋势;沙漠化程度以重度和极重度为主,但整体呈减轻趋势,具体表现为重度沙漠化土地面积减少7.87万hm~2,年变化率-0.75%,极重度沙漠化土地面积减少19.47万hm~2,年变化率-0.64%。沙漠化土地类型以流动沙地(丘)、半固定沙地(丘)、固定沙地(丘)和戈壁为主,占沙漠化土地面积的98.16%。[结论]降水和地表径流的增加、生态工程的实施、水资源利用集约化、关井压田工程的开展以及基础设施建设是酒泉市沙漠化土地面积减少的主要原因。     

内蒙古药用植物资源可持续开发及环境保护策略

内蒙古草原土地沙化日趋严重，种植农作物产量低，经济效益低，乱垦乱挖及不合理的耕作方式加剧了草场的退化。规范化种植药用植物，由于冬季覆盖地表，有效阻止了风沙流动，对于恢复干旱半干旱荒漠地区生态平衡，防止土壤荒漠化具有重要意义。干旱的环境条件下有利于植物次生代谢物的累积，有利于品质的提高，经济效益可观。该文阐述了药用植物资源的分布现状及其在干旱荒漠区的生态作用，旨在为内蒙古自治区产业结构调整及药用植物资源可持续利用和环境保护提供新思路。     

Strategies to increase agricultural productivity and reduce land degradation: evidence from Uganda

This paper estimates a structural econometric model of household decisions regarding income strategies, participation in programs and organisations, crop choices, land management, and labour use, and their implications for agricultural production and soil erosion; based upon a survey of over 450 households and their farm plots in Uganda. Many factors have context-specific impacts and involve trade-offs between increasing production and reducing land degradation. Government agricultural extension and training programs contribute to higher value of crop production in the lowlands, but to soil erosion in the highlands. By contrast, non-governmental organization (NGO) programs focusing on agriculture and environment help to reduce erosion, but have less favourable impacts on production in the lowlands. Education increases household incomes, but also reduces crop production in the lowlands. Poverty has mixed impacts on agricultural production, depending on the nature of poverty: smaller farms obtain higher crop production per hectare, while households with fewer livestock have lower crop production. Population pressure contributes to agricultural intensification, but also to erosion in the densely populated highlands. Several household income strategies contribute to increased value of crop production, without significant impacts on soil erosion. We find little evidence of impact of access to markets, roads and credit, land tenure or title on agricultural intensification and crop production and land degradation. In general, the results imply that the strategies to increase agricultural production and reduce land degradation must be location-specific, and that there are few 'win-win' opportunities to simultaneously increase production and reduce land degradation.     

喀斯特山区石漠化综合治理

长顺县是国家级少数民族贫困县之一,属典型的传统农业县。该县的石漠化面积约占全县总面积的80%,已成为制约和束缚该县经济发展的最大障碍。当前,长顺县结合县情实际,将石漠化治理与可持续发展、促进农民增收有机结合起来,同步推进,加快了喀斯特山区农民脱贫致富的步伐。     

A meta-analysis of intercropping in Africa: impacts on crop yield,farmer income,and integrated pest management effects

Poverty and hunger in Africa are prevalent and will increase in absolute terms with population growth and continued land degradation. Therefore, there is a need for sustainable agricultural strategies, such as conservation agriculture (CA) and integrated pest management (IPM). Among CA practices, intercropping holds the promise of providing benefits to smallholders through increased crop yields and income as well as improved resource use. We review intercropping’s effects on crop yield, income, and output of IPM practices in Africa. On average, intercropping increases crop yields by 23% and gross income by 172 USD/ha, but effects vary significantly depending on management practices and agro-ecological factors. There was no evidence that yields and gross income for intercropping treatments increase when leguminous intercropping combinations, minimum/reduced tillage, pesticides, or fertilizers were utilized. Dual use of herbicides and intercropping practices garnered 1442 USD/ha more in gross income and yielded 1422 kg/ha more compared to those in conventionally managed fields, signifying the positive influence supplemental inputs can have on intercropping’s effects. Although IPM practices increased yields by 20%, on average, IPM systems integrated with intercropping yielded 24% less than IPM systems that did not. This meta-analysis indicates that intercropping is an advantageous sustainable agricultural practice, but that its effective implementation would depend on considering other factors such as adequate control of competing vegetation. There is a clear need for more scientific studies which examine intercropping’s role in complex sustainable agricultural systems, in order to understand its effects in differential environmental and socioeconomic situations and to optimize the practice’s transfer and benefits.     

土地荒漠化监测方法研究进展

土地荒漠化是全球性的重大生态环境问题。对荒漠化进行监测,掌握荒漠化的现状、程度及动态演变规律,是有效防治荒漠化的必要前提。近年来,我国在荒漠化监测方法上已做了大量研究,取得了许多重要的成果。但是,荒漠化因其面积广大、类型复杂等特点,在监测方法的科学性和有效性等方面还存在不少问题。围绕狭义荒漠化即沙质荒漠化的监测方法,简要综述近年来我国荒漠化监测方法研究的进展,并就存在的问题及未来的发展趋势提出了看法。     

Efficiency and equity of rural land markets and the impact on income: Evidence in Kenya and Uganda from 2003 to 2015

This study examines the evolution of land sales and rental markets and their impact on agricultural efficiency in rural Kenya and Uganda using panel data spanning over 10 years. Both countries show that land markets induce efficiency by transferring land to households with higher farming ability. In both countries, land markets enhance equity by transferring land from land-abundant to land-constrained households. Although renting in land increases crop income in Kenya, we find no evidence that it enables households to escape from poverty. In contrast, increase in owned land helped decrease poverty in Uganda. Parcel-level analysis reveals that rented-in land and owned land differ in productivity levels and crop choice. These findings point to the potential weaknesses in the land markets in Kenya and Uganda that impede their ability to contribute to poverty alleviation.     

基于农户意愿的睢宁县农村土地综合整治研究

研究目的:确定基于农户意愿的农村居民点综合整治方案,为中国开展农村居民点综合整治提供参考。研究方法:典型调研、统计分析。研究结果:(1)基础条件差、生活不方便是农户提出农村居民点整治要求的出发点。(2)现状条件越差的村庄,农户的整治意愿越强,更希望集中居住,并愿意为本村基础设施建设进行投资。(3)家庭人口规模、农户建房自有资金、对国家政策的认知是影响农户建房需求意愿的主要因素;对国家政策的认知、家庭年收入是影响村庄建设的主要因素;基础设施条件和家庭年收入是影响集中搬迁意愿的主要因素。研究结论:农户对农村土地综合整治具有自身的需求,整治工作应充分尊重农户的主体地位。     

Home‐grown food and the benefits of sharing: The “intergenerational pact” in postsocialist Moldova

The policy literature on postsocialist Europe tends to frame smallholders' practices of food self‐provisioning and sharing as driven by necessity and proposes land consolidation to increase productivity and efficiency. However, these practices generate nonfinancial benefits, which need to be accounted for. In this paper, I test the socio‐economic relevance of these practices in the Republic of Moldova, the country with the highest density of farming households in Europe and whose government has embraced the rural modernization agenda to integrate into the EU economic space. I carry out quantitative estimates using the household budget survey and complement the results with qualitative insights from an original smallholder survey. I find that food self‐provisioning and sharing are positively related to subjective well‐being and that there is an “intergenerational pact,” with home‐grown food flowing from late‐adulthood smallholders to urban‐based young families and the vulnerable elderly. A counterfactual analysis shows that poverty and inequality would be higher in the absence of donated food, especially in urban areas. The preservation of smallholder farming through widespread access to land could thus help fight poverty and provide social benefits vis‐à‐vis land consolidation.     

A comprehensive framework on land-water resources development in Mu Us Sandy Land

Land and water resources are two basic factors for sustaining the development of agriculture. The two are scare resources with rapid social economic development gradually, especially in Mu Us Sandy Land (MUSL) with severe desertification. Arsenic sandstone is a special rock type of MUSL with strong water holding capacity, which appropriately makes up the shortage of sand on water and fertilizer losing. Based on it, a comprehensive framework on land-water resources development was proposed including engineering treatment measures, appropriate irrigation management and farming measures after a series of experiments designed for sandy land treated with arsenic sandstone. Results of the experiments showed that both water content and fertility increased after using a 1:2 arsenic sandstone/sand ratio by mixing both together. An area of 151.3 ha arable land was newly-increased by applying the framework in Dajihan village sandy land of the MUSL, which created direct economic efficiency of 14.1 million Yuan RMB by tomato planting, and obtained 61% of water saving effect compare to untreated sand. The application of the framework in Dajihan village also got huge social-ecological efficiency such as on soil and water conservation, sand-fixing and forming high quality farmland. The framework helped to completed the process from soil synthesize to agricultural production, then to real soil, which transformed the traditional sandy land treatment to sandy land development, and was proved to be practicable and sustainable in local sandy agriculture.     

2020年农民增收:新冠肺炎疫情的影响与应对建议

新冠肺炎疫情将从多个渠道、多重方式对今年农民增收带来严重冲击,其中对工资性收入影响尤为突出。疫情在全球加速扩散,对全球经济贸易增长冲击严重,通过全球供应链影响我国产业经营和农民就业,今年后期农民持续增收挑战巨大。本文认为必须统筹疫情防控和经济社会发展两线作战;加快中小企业复工复产,实施文化旅游产业振兴,加大创新创业支持,恢复和稳定农民就业增收;创新农产品产销对接,实施产业提升工程,提升风险治理能力,稳住和促进农业经营增收;加强国际疫情研判,抓紧做好防范应对,稳住农民增收基础。要对标问题、攻坚克难、系统发力,通过一揽子政策助力农民持续增收,力争如期实现全面建成小康社会和全面打赢脱贫攻坚战目标。     

塔里木盆地南缘地区土地沙漠化的防治及沙产业发展探讨——以和田地区为列

塔里木盆地南缘地区是我国沙漠戈壁及沙漠化土地分布大区,也是塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的流沙入侵带,对区域经济和社会发展构成了很大威胁。长期以来在治理沙漠方面做了大量的工作,但有些地区收效不太理想。文章对和田地区土地沙化的成因进行了分析,通过发展沙产业来实现生态效益、经济效益和社会效益的有机统一,为治沙工作探索新的途径,并指出应如何发展沙产业来防治土地沙化。     

推进中国土地开发整理工作对策研究

研究目的:全面提升中国土地开发整理工作管理水平和投资绩效,切实发挥土地开发整理对保发展用地和保耕地红线的支撑作用,逐步推动土地开发整理成为国家战略。研究方法:文献分析法。研究结果:在全面总结10年来中国土地开发整理工作的基础上,分析土地开发整理工作存在的问题。研究结论:提出开展土地开发整理战略研究、改进管理模式、推进体制改革、加强权属管理和基础理论研究的政策措施。     

Cultivated land productivity potential improvement in land consolidation schemes in Shenyang,China: assessment and policy implications

Cultivated land productivity potential improvement (CLPPI) assessment is the fundamental basis to launch land consolidation, which is one of the most important way to increase the grain productive capacity. Previous studies on CLPPI assessment have focused on factors related to natural conditions of cultivated land, but they ignored the impacts of utilization conditions, including plot characteristics and agricultural infrastructure, which account for substantial CLPPI from land consolidation. Based on the crop-growth model and Agro-ecological Zoning (AEZ) methodology, this paper proposed a modified CLPPI assessment model to estimate the improvement of land productivity potential via land consolidation. Meanwhile, the contribute rates of different factors involved in determining the CLPPI were also analysed to reveal the ideal work focus and policy direction for land consolidation. Results showed that the calculated CLPPI values had obvious spatial variety in Shenyang, of which the average was 326.18. For the consolidation case, total crop production in Shenyang could be increased by as much as 149.89 × 107 kg, 20% of the current yield. CLPPI is the comprehensive outcome of both natural and utilization qualities of land use, and the current productivity potential of cultivated land in Shenyang relied much less on natural conditions such as soil than on utilization conditions such as agricultural infrastructure. In addition, medium-productivity lands were most appropriate target areas for the implication of land consolidation projects. Actually, the arrangement of land consolidation projects should not only consider CLPPI as in the past, but also add the theoretical productivity potential into consideration. Moreover, the realization of estimated CLPPI also calls for active changes of the whole land management system. An integrated institution for the full implementation of land consolidation, proper regulations and laws on the follow-up protection of cultivated land productivity potential, economic policies to stimulate the willingness of farmers, and a transfer mechanism for cultivated land are all needed policy changes.     

城镇化进程中土地资源生态安全战略——以小产权房违法用地为例

在我国城镇化进程中,保障土地生态安全是其重中之重。就我国目前的社会阶段来看,人民自身素养和科学技术积累程度还没有达到土地私有化的水平,目前个体农民并没有这个能力,一旦土地私有,就会出现土地过分开发的情况,土壤养分会在短期内被榨干,土地修复复垦是一个需要大量人力物力科学技术的工程,个体农民及农民集体根本没有这个能力,就会造成土地荒废遗弃,甚至加重荒漠化、沙漠化。所以土地私有制并不适合我国现阶段的社会发展。以资源代际公平、土地生态安全的角度来看,土地国有是适应现阶段社会发展要求的。土地的利用与开发需要养护和维持,以达到后代子孙的持续发展。     

科学发展观对中国土地整理的战略作用

研究目的:研究科学发展观和土地整理的关系,确定土地整理新理念.研究方法:文献资料法、因果分析法.研究结果:土地整理规划、土地整理项目规划设计及实施管理对全面落实科学发展观十分重要.研究结论:科学发展观应确定为中国土地整理新的战略指导理念.     

Land consolidation and rural revitalization in China: Mechanisms and paths

Land consolidation has multi-functionality. Most of the existing researches focus on the supplementary function of cultivated land, but lack of systematic research on its function of promoting the sustainable development and revitalization of rural areas. In the context of the current global rural decline, land consolidation has been endowed with the connotation of promoting rural revitalization and regional sustainable development. This study systematically reviewed the evolution history of land consolidation in China, and then explored the current status, characteristics and potential impact of land consolidation as well as the driving mechanism of land consolidation promoting rural revitalization, and finally explained the feasible way to revitalize countryside by land consolidation in a typical case. Results showed that China's land consolidation has played an irreplaceable role in stabilizing the dynamic balance of arable land and ensuring food security. It has made or is moving towards supporting the development of modern agriculture, poverty alleviation and rural revitalization as well as regional sustainable development. Land consolidation is gradually favored in promoting rural development and revitalization because of its social, economic and ecological benefits, and it can provide a platform and inject new vitality for rural revitalization by solving the difficulties of lack of fund, land, technology, talent and industry. Comprehensive land consolidation helps to promote the overall revitalization of rural industry, ecology, organization, culture and talent. However, it also needs to be alert to the eco-environmental risks and negative effects brought by land consolidation projects. The problem-solving oriented land consolidation is needed in the process of promoting rural revitalization and regional sustainable development. The internal logic of rural decline at different development stages varies across countries, and the strategies to promote rural revitalization through land consolidation also need to be adjusted in time.     

美国沙尘暴问题及治理经验

沙尘暴问题及作为其主要生态驱动力的荒漠化问题是20世纪上半叶美国面临的严重的生态问题。近一个世纪以来,美国政府和民众在防治沙尘暴和治理荒漠化方面采取了综合治理措施,取得了有益的经验。其中,完善的立法和执法体系、农牧业结构调整、土地利用管理政策、荒漠化地区资源利用政策、民众参与机制以及沙尘源控制措施等都是值得我国借鉴。