共查询到13条相似文献,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
Doug Parker 《Agricultural Economics》2000,24(1):23-31
The Maryland Water Quality Improvement Act of 1998 (WQIA) seeks to create environmental and other benefits to the Chesapeake Bay through reductions in nonpoint source nutrient pollution. This paper analyzes the economic impacts of the WQIA on agricultural users of nutrients (commercial fertilizers or animal manures) and on poultry growers in the state of Maryland. The net economic impacts to each of these groups are estimated along with some discussion of the distribution of the impacts. Recognition of the distribution of the impacts allows for the assessment of potential policies to address negative impacts. Additional sections of the WQIA are discussed in terms of their ability to shift the distribution of the impacts or to provide partial compensation to those most affected. The WQIA is the most restrictive agricultural nonpoint pollution control law in the US. While the WQIA only regulates nutrient use in the state of Maryland, other states, as well as the federal government, are watching how this law is implemented. Many states are considering similar laws. At the national level, the United States Department of Agriculture and the United States Environmental Protection Agency have issued draft guidelines that will control nutrients from animal operations in much the same way as the WQIA. Therefore, analyses of the economic impacts of the WQIA may be important in shaping policies in other states and at the national level. 相似文献
2.
佛山水道汾江河污染情况调查与整治对策 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过对2003~2006年佛山水道汾江河水质污染现状调查以及污染源调查,结果表明,汾江河水质污染以有机污染为主,水质劣于国家地表水环境质量Ⅴ类标准,点污染源和面污染源是造成汾江河水质污染的主要原因;提出了相应的整治对策。 相似文献
3.
Christian Langpap Ivan Hascic JunJie Wu 《American journal of agricultural economics》2008,90(3):684-700
Land use change is the most pervasive force driving the degradation of watershed ecosystems. This article combines an econometric model of land use choice with models of watershed health indicators to examine the effects of land use policies on watershed ecosystems through their effect on land use. Our results suggest that incentive-based land use policies and property acquisition programs can have relatively large positive impacts on watershed health, while policies that change the returns to land use are less effective. The results suggest that there is potential for targeting these policies because their impacts vary across watersheds with different land use mixes. 相似文献
4.
Differences in Social and Public Risk Perceptions and Conflicting Impacts on Point/Nonpoint Trading Ratios 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Richard D. Horan 《American journal of agricultural economics》2001,83(4):934-941
If stochastic nonpoint pollution loads create socially costly risk, then an economically optimal point/nonpoint trading ratio—the rate point source controls trade for nonpoint controls—is adjusted downward (a risk reward for nonpoint controls), encouraging more nonpoint controls. However, in actual trading programs, ratios are adjusted upward in response to nonpoint uncertainties (a risk premium for nonpoint controls). This contradiction is explained using a public choice model in which regulators focus on encouraging abatement instead of reducing damages. The result is a divergence of public and social risk perceptions, and a trading market that encourages economically suboptimal nonpoint controls. 相似文献
5.
目的]水量分配和生态补偿是我国流域生态经济可持续发展中的两个重要模块,有助于解决水资源利用冲突,实现水资源的高效配置。[方法]以小清河流域为例,将两者进行有效衔接,采用AHP法和熵值法进行科学分水的基础上,根据应分水量分摊上游的保护成本,结合各区域的实际用水和节水贡献进行调整,按照逐级补偿方式,测算流域各区域的水量综合补偿额。[结果]按照公平、效率、可持续的原则,2016年小清河上游至下游各区域的水量分配额分别为:滨州邹平7 350.03万m~3、淄博6 568.84万m~3、滨州博兴4 411.18万m~3、东营9 620.53万m~3、潍坊6 649.42万m~3;济南作为上游水源地为整条流域供水获得补偿2.66亿元,滨州邹平段因水量维护贡献突出、正外部效益外溢获得补偿2.020 2亿元,淄博、滨州博兴、东营和潍坊段则因其超量用水各需支付22.59万元、1.33亿元、1.11亿元和2.27亿元。[结论]小清河下游地区应增强水量维护意识,促进产业结构向绿色转型升级,减少用水量。此外,今后应探索多元化的补偿资金来源,提高用水效率,实现流域生态与经济的和谐发展。 相似文献
6.
通过松花江水质现状分析,指出污染防治的必要性和综合性;提出要在点源工业污染和城市污染治理的同时,还要把农业面源污染提到日程,加强面源污染的综合防治。 相似文献
7.
[目的]揭示三峡库区北岸最大支流澎溪河流域非点源污染时空特征,能够明确农业非点源污染的来源、总量等动态变化及风险等级分布规律,为三峡库区的农业非点源污染分区防控决策提供切实科学建议。[方法]文章运用改进输出系数模型、污染风险指数及冷热点分析,采用高程、土地利用/覆被类型、降雨等多元数据,对2000—2015年流域内农村生活源、畜禽养殖源、土地利用源的总氮、总磷排放量进行估算。[结果](1)澎溪河流域农业非点源污染氮磷排放量呈现先减少再缓慢增长的趋势,其总氮、总磷排放均值分别为5 919.89 t和499.06 t,年均排放强度分别为12.53 kg/hm2、1.06 kg/hm2;(2)土地利用源对氮磷污染的贡献占较大比重,年均占比分别为60.05%、74.67%;(3)不同子流域总氮、总磷污染年际变化空间表现特征均为南河(1 560.59 t、139.44 t)>澎溪河干流(1 181.51 t、95.70 t)、桃溪河(1 179.56 t、106.27 t)>普里河(1 000.32 t、76.48 t)、东河(997.91 t、79.22 t),南河子流域是氮磷污染... 相似文献
8.
Simon Anastasiadis Suzi Kerr Marie‐Laure Nauleau Tim Cox Kit Rutherford 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2014,58(1):130-145
Nonpoint‐source water pollution is frequently considered intractable because it is hard to regulate large numbers of small sources and because the science associated with assessing the impact of each source is complex. New Zealand has demonstrated that it is possible to implement a simple cap‐and‐trade system to help reduce nitrogen leaching from many small farms and thereby protect water quality. This paper relates to the second challenge: are complex regulatory systems worthwhile when nitrogen delivery is complex? When nitrogen moves through groundwater to a lake, leaching from different farms reaches the lake at different times and the damage caused is temporally differentiated. Policy that regulates farmers according to the timing of their nitrogen delivery will be more complex than policy that does not. Whether the gain in efficiency justifies this additional complexity can be assessed through modelling. We use an integrated model to estimate the gains from complex nitrogen regulation that incorporates groundwater delivery times relative to simple nitrogen regulation that does not. We find that the gains from more complex regulation are small in the catchment we study and cannot justify the additional complexity required. A sensitivity analysis enables us to identify the types of catchments where complex regulation may be worthwhile. 相似文献
9.
结合水污染治理目标,对多瑙河与长江流域进行了多要素比较和可借鉴性评估。在总结多瑙河流域案例的基础上,对比了两者在污染水平、经济水平、政治体制、社会基础4个方面的异同;分别从介入与干预机制、监督与协调机制、公众参与机制3个方面,评价多瑙河流域管理经验对长江管理体制的可借鉴性。结果表明:在多瑙河流域众多的管理经验中,第三方介入和完善的监测-监督体系最值得长江流域借鉴。 相似文献
10.
目的 为了解黄河中上游青铜峡灌区入黄干沟水质时空变化特征,揭示典型污染物来源及空间分布。方法 文章针对2014—2019年灌区12条入黄干沟水体中总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3-N)、化学需氧量(COD)与高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)浓度的时空变化规律进行探究,并采用输出系数法揭示灌区污染物来源。结果 (1)时间尺度上,研究期间入黄干沟整体水质为Ⅳ至劣V类,氨氮和总磷浓度超标严重,受灌溉影响,污染物浓度在非灌溉期高于灌溉期;(2)空间分布上,12条干沟的污染物浓度沿黄河水流方向呈现出先降低后升高再降低的趋势,银古公路桥附近的银新干沟、中干沟、永二干沟污染较为严重(劣V类);(3)污染物来源上,灌区总磷入河负荷主要来自面源污染(占比86.7%),集中在青铜峡市、贺兰县与平罗县,氨氮入河负荷主要来自点源污染(占比66.8%),COD入河负荷点源和面源分别占比48.1%和51.9%,集中在银川市区和利通区。结论 青铜峡灌区入黄干沟治理应重点关注银新干沟、中干沟和永二干沟,严格控制冬季点源排放是灌区干沟水质提升的关键,种植源污染防控优先考虑青铜峡市、贺兰与平罗县,畜禽养殖源污染防控优先考虑利通区,城镇生活源污染防控优先考虑银川市区。 相似文献
11.
基于2009—2021年长江经济带11个省(市)面板数据,通过构建高质量经济发展评级指标体系,利用熵值法对高质量经济发展水平进行测度;基于环境库兹涅茨曲线理论进行基准回归,以水污染为门槛变量分析了环境规制对高质量经济发展的影响,并探讨了长江经济带上游、中游、下游3个区域水污染和环境规制的空间异质性。结果表明:随着水污染程度的加剧,环境规制对高质量经济发展表现出抑制作用,且抑制作用先增大后减小;水污染与高质量经济发展之间呈倒“U”形关系,且存在“环境库兹涅曲线”;长江经济带水污染与环境规制对高质量经济发展具有空间异质性。 相似文献
12.
基于压力-状态-响应模型,通过专家咨询法和主成分分析法构建城市地表集中式水源地管理风险评价指标体系。采用层次分析法与熵权法分别确定水源地管理风险评价指标的主、客观权重,并计算组合权重,基于灰色评估与模糊综合评价理论,建立组合赋权-灰色模糊综合风险评价模型。选择南京市长江八卦洲(左汊)上坝水源地进行实例分析,计算得到其管理风险值为0.4118,属于一般风险度;针对存在的风险,提出了加快应急水源地建设、完善水源地应急保障体系和促进水源地监测系统建设等风险防控措施。 相似文献