水源地保护区生态补偿利益相关者行为选择机理分析

构建水源地保护区生态补偿机制涉及多个利益相关者,各个利益主体的利益诉求及其行为选择不同,影响到生态补偿机制的运行与实施,进而对水源地生态环境造成影响。文章利用利益相关者理论,对水源地保护区生态补偿中的利益相关者进行识别,并分析其利益诉求,将生态补偿中的利益相关者分为受偿者与补偿者,二者在生态补偿中的行为形成了一种博弈关系。利用博弈理论与方法,通过构建受偿者与补偿者的支付矩阵,分析了在水源地保护区的生态补偿中受偿者与补偿者的行为选择机理,给出了双方行为选择的混合战略纳什均衡点,从而得出了受偿者与补偿者的行为优化途径。研究结果表明:降低补偿者的风险偏好、监管成本以及受偿者不保护生态环境的超长收益,增加受偿者不保护生态环境的惩罚、潜在损失、信用损失以及生态环境保护内外收益差和合作期限,是减少水源地保护区污染的有效手段,并据此提出了健全监管体系、强化风险意识,以及健全诚信制度、完善生态补偿方式的优化策略。     

敦煌西湖国家级自然保护区生态补偿法律机制的研究

甘肃是我国西北乃至全国重要的生态屏障,其生态建设关系到了全国的生态安全。阐述甘肃敦煌西湖自然保护区实施生态补偿的必要性,对生态补偿机制进行了可行性分析,较深入的分析该生态保护区亟需解决的问题,同时提出有利于构建敦煌西湖自然保护区生态补偿法律机制的相关建议。     

关于上海建立生态补偿机制的思考

党的十七大明确要求,"实行有利于科学发展的财税制度,建立健全资源有偿使用制度和生态环境补偿机制".上海市人民政府2008年工作报告中提出,要"加大政策支持力度和财政转移支付力度,建立健全生态补偿机制,进一步将支农资金向基本农田保护区倾斜,加大对为全市做出贡献的生态保护区、水源保护区、纯农业地区和远郊地区的扶持力度".     

基本农田生态补偿机制

按照党的十七大提出的"实行有利于科学发展的财税体系,建立健全资源有偿使用制度和生态环境补偿机制"的要求,2008年上海市发改委联合市农委等相关部门,深入开展建立生态补偿机制的专题调研。2009年上海出台《上海市人民政府关于本市建立健全生态补偿机制的若干意见》和《生态补偿转移支付办法》,构建了生态补偿机制的基本框架,覆盖基本农田、水源地和公益林等三类生态保护区。基本农田生态补偿机制已实施三年,对改善城市生态环境、促进城乡统筹协调发展切实发挥了积极作用。     

长沙市郊山林保护生态补偿机制的研究

对长沙市市郊山林保护生态补偿机制进行研究,以开福区东北片为例。在长沙大城北开发建设中,除了定位于生态功能保护区的东北片区外,其他土地均被作为不同开发时期的建设用地。为此,建立东北片区的生态补偿机制是平衡利益、有效发挥其生态功能的关键。在分析东北生态功能片区现状、存在的主要问题基础上,提出建立东北区山林保护生态补偿步骤、对策及政策建议。     

水源地保护区居民生态补偿满意度及其影响因素研究——基于645份问卷的抽样调查

水源地保护区居民对生态补偿的满意度,是反映在水源地生态补偿过程中当地居民自身利益需求与生态补偿标准之间差异的重要标志。本文作者选取山东省等12个地市的水源地保护区居民作为调查对象,通过问卷调查、入户访谈等方式,了解当地居民对现行生态补偿标准的满意情况,并利用Probit模型分析各相关因素对其满意度的具体影响。研究结果表明:水源地保护区居民的年龄越大、家庭年收入水平越高、受教育程度越高以及所得补偿越高,其对现有补偿的满意度就越高;而居民的受偿意愿越强烈、所处水源地保护区级别越高,其对现有补偿政策的满意度就越低。     

生态补偿机制中生态扶贫的作用分析

生态扶贫机制立足于生态建设和脱贫建设,一方面可以发展贫困地区的经济,帮助当地人自力更生,推动生产,另一方面可以基于生态保护建设落实保护区域环境建设。针对生态补偿机制中生态扶贫的建设价值和作用进行了分析,希望能够为相关单位提供参考。     

基于会计体系对京张区域生态补偿标准的研究

建立生态补偿机制的核心问题是确立补偿标准,本文将保护区视为提供生态服务的企业,基于会计体系、运用恰当的会计计量属性,对生态建设和保护过程中形成的成本加以确认和计量,予以资本化,并在适当的期限内摊消,结合各年度的期间费用和合理收益,测算生态服务价值。根据生态保护质量和受益程度对其进行修正和分配,形成区域间生态补偿标准,并测算出2013年的京张区域间生态补偿额为98.13亿元。     

南方集体林区林业自然保护区建设思考

以福建省为代表的南方集体林区为例,探讨了集体林区林业自然保护区建设若干问题。从自然保护区建设的投入机制、森林生态补偿资金的重点投向、促进保护区与社区经济同步发展相关法律法规的修订与统一、保护区管理模式以及创建保护区特色的具有核心竞争力的绿色产业群等方面提出对策建议。     

半农半牧区亟须建立草原生态补偿机制

最近几年，连续几个中央一号文件都明确提出要“探索建立草原生态补偿机制”。为进一步完善草原生态补偿政策，健全草原生态补偿机制，农业部将“草原生态补偿机制问题研究”列为“十二五”规划重大研究课题开展调研。其中，赴黑龙江调研组采取实地考查采访、与农牧区和地方干部座谈等方式，     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

The Real of Community,the Desire for Development and the Performance of Egalitarianism in the Peruvian Andes: A Materialist–Utopian Account

The paper proposes a materialist–utopian perspective for explaining the persistence of community in the Andes by drawing upon Lacanian theory and the thought of the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui. What characterizes the Andean comunidad are not notions of belonging and identity, but the existence of a fundamental antagonism (what I call the ‘Real of community’). The argument unfolds ethnographically. Usibamba, a peasant comunidad in the central Peruvian Andes, is known as a highly egalitarian and disciplined comunidad. However, a disjunction exists between deep‐seated aspirations of justice and egalitarianism and the particularistic interests of families and individuals. This disjunction manifests itself in a contradictory, schizophrenic regime of discipline and negotiation that produces ‘split subjects’. Desiring development and the staging of theatrical performances of egalitarianism enables Usibambinos to deal with this disjunction and to present an image of unity and determination. I conclude that the comunidad persists through ‘impossible political acts’ brought about by a residual but growing category of landless comuneros who constitute ‘the part of no part’, the uncounted or unnamed.     

边缘旅游地开发研究——以赤峰市为例

边缘旅游地正逐渐成为旅游发展研究的热点之一;在阐述边缘旅地形成机理的基础上,分析了赤峰市旅游业边缘化的原因及表现;对边缘旅游地赤峰市的旅游业开发进行可行性分析,提出摆脱旅游业边缘化的对策和措施,强调必须紧紧依托周边京津冀辽等核心旅游地,注重区域间的优势互补,借助周围核心旅游地的优势扩大赤峰市的旅游市场,在边缘地树立大旅游观念,同时依据赤峰市自身的资源优势不断开发特色旅游产品、打造品牌,积极培养优秀的旅游人才。