黑龙江省建设用地变化对碳排放的影响

黑龙江省正处于城镇化快速发展期,主要表现在建设用地扩张和人口城镇化,这都将对黑龙江省的碳排放量产生重要影响。本文将利用STIRPAT模型,应用岭回归方法计量分析建设用地扩张和人口城镇化率对碳排放的影响。以黑龙江省1993至2012年这阶段的碳排放情况的进行实证研究,结果表明,建设用地扩张、城镇化率和人均GDP因素对黑龙江省1993~2012年碳排放具有增量效应影响显著,是导致黑龙江省碳排放持续增加的主要驱动因素。能源强度对碳排放具有减量效应,提高能源利用率是黑龙江省实现碳减排的重要途径。     

黑龙江省产业能源碳排放因素分解及减排分析

能源消费是碳排放的主要来源。随着黑龙江省经济的快速发展,能源消费的急剧增长以及以煤为主的能源结构在一定时间内很难改变,因此,碳排放量在短时间内很难下降。本文分析了1980-2010年黑龙江省三大产业碳排放变化情况,并对黑龙江省1980和2010两年不同行业能源利用碳排放总量进行对比。采用LMDI分解法,定量分析了1980-2010年间,经济规模、产业结构、技术进步与能耗结构四个因素对黑龙江省产业碳排放增量的影响。研究发现,经济规模效应是正向决定性因素,能耗结构调整的影响效果不显著,技术进步与产业结构效应是负向决定性因素。最后提出了相应的减排政策建议。     

基于岭回归的黑龙江省城镇化对碳排放的影响分析

本文将城镇化率引入STIRPAT模型,应用岭回归方法计量分析人口、经济及技术因素对碳排放的影响。对黑龙江省1993至2012年这阶段的碳排放情况的进行实证研究,结果表明,人口增加、经济增长、城镇化率提高对黑龙江省1993-2012年碳排放具有增量效应,是导致黑龙江省碳排放持续增加的驱动因素。能源强度对碳排放具有减量效应,提高能源利用率是黑龙江省实现碳减排的重要途径。     

黑龙江省农业碳排放、科技投入与经济增长关系研究

[目的]以黑龙江省为例,首先对其农业碳排放总量进行测度,再研究农业碳排放同经济增长、科技投入之间的关系。[方法]利用1996~2013年的统计数据,从4个方面估算了黑龙江省农业碳排放量,进而采用自回归滞后分布模型(ARDL模型)对农业碳排放量、经济增长以及科技投入之间的关系进行实证分析。[结果]农业碳排放量、GDP增长和科技投入存在长期稳定关系,但长期来讲农业碳排放量增长速率远大于GDP增长速率;GDP增长对农业碳排放总量存在显著的正向影响,且长期影响程度远大于短期;科技投入对农业碳排放具有抑制作用且存在滞后效应,其中长期的抑制作用为12.4%,短期为3.9%,当滞后期为两年时,抑制作用尤为显著。[结论]经济增长会促进黑龙江省农业碳排放的增加,而科技投入则能对农业碳排放产生有效地抑制作用,因而黑龙江省可以通过增加农业科技投入来降低农业碳排放。     

江苏省农业碳排放动态变化影响因素分析及趋势预测

[目的]在分析2000~2015年江苏省农业碳排放的基础上,描述其影响因素,并预测2016~2030年江苏省的农业碳排放量。[方法]运用农业碳排放估算方式计算2000~2015年江苏省农业碳排放量,并运用多元回归模型分解碳排放的影响因素,最后利用灰色预测模型预测2020~2030年江苏省的农业碳排放量。[结果]2000~2015年江苏省农业碳排放量主要呈现三段式变化。2000~2003年,表现为小幅度的先增长后下降趋势;2004~2010年,农业碳排放量呈现快速增长趋势;2011~2015年,农业碳排放总量开始缓步减少。对影响因素的分析结果表明,江苏省农业碳排放的主要影响因素来源于经济发展方面,如单位农业能源消耗、农业人口人均GDP等表征指标。农业科研人员数量对碳排放量减少起到一定的作用。预计2016~2030年江苏省农业碳排放量会持续缓步下降趋势。[结论]2000~2015年江苏省农业碳排放量主要呈现三段式变化。2000~2003年,表现为小幅度的先增长后下降趋势;2004~2010年,农业碳排放量呈现快速增长趋势;2011~2015年,农业碳排放总量开始缓步减少。预测2016~2030年间将呈持续缓步下降趋势。     

河南省碳排放时空格局影响因素分析

基于河南省18个城市碳排放量数据，借助ArcGIS技术对碳排放量的时空分布进行研究，采用地理探测器方法对碳排放量的空间分布进行因子探测分析。结果表明：河南省碳排放量整体上呈增长趋势；地区生产总值和社会消费品零售总额两个因子主要驱动碳排放的空间分异，常住人口数的解释力度最小；双因子交互作用对碳排放的影响均大于单因子的影响，其中第二产业比重与固定资产投资的交互效应最大。     

基于KAYA模型的黑龙江国有森工林区碳排放及其驱动因素实证研究

本研究运用KAYA模型,选取2001～2010年的数据,对黑龙江国有森工林区二氧化碳排放量及其驱动因素进行了分析。研究表明:10年来黑龙江国有森工林区碳排放总量持续增加;人口数量、经济发展、单位能耗碳排放三个因素对黑龙江国有森工林区碳排放量基本为正向影响,单位GDP能源强度则主要为负向影响;经济发展和单位GDP能源强度是影响黑龙江国有森工林区碳排放的主要因素,而人口数量和单位能耗碳排放对碳排放影响较低。基于上述实证分析,本研究提出环境政策调控、节能减排、提高能源效率等建议,以减少林区碳排放和促进低碳经济发展.。     

黑龙江省能源碳排放特征及影响因素分析

能源消费是碳排放的主要来源.随着黑龙江省经济的快速发展,能源消费的急剧增长以及以煤为主的能源结构在一定时间内很难改变,因此,碳排放量在短时间内很难下降.本文基于碳排放量的基本等式,采用因素分解法,定量分析了1978-2009 年间,能源结构、能源效率和经济发展等因素的变化对黑龙江省人均碳排放的影响.结果显示经济发展对拉...     

黑龙江省农业经济与碳排放的关系研究——基于Tapio脱钩模型

为促进黑龙江省低碳农业发展,厘清农业碳排放与农业经济发展之间的关系,基于种植业和畜牧业共14类碳源,测算黑龙江省2000—2018年碳排放量,运用Tapio脱钩模型计算黑龙江省农业碳排放的脱钩系数,对二者之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,2000—2018年黑龙江省农业碳排放总量增长52.36%,年均增长2.37%,总体呈现持续上升—迅速下降—稳定上升—缓慢下降的变化特征;黑龙江省农业碳排放与农业经济之间的脱钩状态主要是弱脱钩和强脱钩,呈现弱脱钩—波动期—弱脱钩—强脱钩的过程。     

农业碳排放时序测算及其影响因素分析——以湖北省公安县为例

"农业碳排放"最早在20世纪早期就已提出,近年随着农业的发展,农业生产活动导致的碳排放量有增无减,农业碳排放问题受到社会各界高度关注。从县域视角出发,以湖北省江汉平原荆州市公安县为例,基于农业投入与生产过程中的6个主要方面的碳源,测算了近年公安县农业碳排放量,运用Kaya恒等式变形公式对农业碳排放影响因素进行分解分析。结果表明:公安县近年农业碳排放总量呈现增长趋势,农业碳排放总量及农业碳排放强度年均增长率分别为2.08%,1.59%。经济因素是影响碳排放的主要因素,效率因素,结构因素和劳动力因素均表现为抑制碳排放的增长。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.