基于遥感与GIS的西藏草原雪灾监测与评估

该研究提出了用于西藏雪灾监测与评估的方法,该方法结合遥感与地理信息系统,以MODIS数据得到的归一化雪盖指数(NDSI)为基础,同时估算厚云区的积雪覆盖的可能性,综合考虑包括DEM、道路等区域基础地理信息系统数据,对2007年3月中旬发生在西藏南部的一次大雪灾进行了监测与评估.结果表明,该方法能够有效地提取积雪覆盖区域,并对雪灾发生面积进行估算.     

基于DEM的丘陵山区土地整理项目辅助决策

研究目的:借助DEM进行丘陵山区土地整理项目辅助决策,以期为丘陵山区土地整理项目的规划设计工作提供参考.研究方法:利用项目区大比例尺地形图及相关资料建立DEM,利用ARCGIS等软件,实现项目区总体规划方案,工程项目规划和工程量测算等方面的辅助决策.研究结果:采用DEM进行丘陵山区土地整理项目辅助决策方法可行且可提高工作效率、增强设计精度.研究结论:利用DEM在空间地形处理方面的优势,可为复杂地形条件下的土地整理项目提供辅助决策,有必要利用DEM和GIS软件的空间分析与处理功能,在常用GIS平台上开发一套专用于土地整理项目规划设计的工具包,从总体上提高土地整理工作科技水平.     

DEM分辨率对苏北地区耕地土壤有机碳制图精度的影响研究

目的 数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model, DEM）的分辨率大小决定区域地貌形态特征的表达程度,但目前DEM对于局部地形变异大的平原地区土壤有机碳制图精度的影响尚不明确。方法 文章以江苏北部耕地区域为例,利用随机森林算法,建立不同分辨率DEM下的地形、气候、植被、土壤、成土母质与土壤有机碳之间的关系模型,分析DEM分辨率对局部地形变异大的平原区土壤有机碳制图精度的影响程度。结果 （1）不同DEM分辨率下,地形、气候、植被、土壤与成土母质5类因子对土壤有机碳含量的影响程度依次降低;（2）当DEM分辨率在大于150 m的范围内变化时,环境特征因DEM的“概化”而逐步缺失细节信息,从而导致土壤有机碳含量预测精度随分辨率的增加而降低;（3）地形是苏北耕地区域土壤有机碳空间分布差异的最重要影响因子。结论 DEM分辨率在60－90 m范围内时,整体平坦但局部地形变异程度较大的苏北地区土壤有机碳制图效果最佳。该研究为进一步提高我国相似地貌类型区土壤有机碳制图精度提供了理论依据。     

DEM插值误差的分布 及与地形因子的相关性研究 ——以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的试验为例

本研究采用ASTER-GDEM V2版的DEM高程数据,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑地貌区为试验区,运用交叉验证和相关性分析对插值误差的分布特性、高程误差与坡度、曲率误差的相关性进行研究。研究结果表明:高程误差的频率分布和空间自相关性程度与原始数据的密度和插值方法有关,当原始数据密度较低时,DEM误差表现出较强的空间自相关,频率分布也接近于高斯分布,随着数据密度增大,DEM误差的空间自相关性随之减弱,DEM误差分布呈现出更为明显的尖峰分布。从DEM全局来看,DEM误差与坡度比曲率有更强的相关性,且相关性随着数据密度减小呈现减弱趋势。     

高海拔地区TM遥感数据信息的提取与DEM获取研究

本研究以Landsat TM遥感数据为研究对象,以杂谷脑河流域为例,从遥感数据的几何校正、最佳波段选择、图像融合、图像裁剪、土地分类和图像的解译角度进行了处理.之后,将校正后的数据进行了矢量化并得到DEM,在DEM的基础上进行了高程、坡度、坡向方面的分析,得到了有利于LUCC分析的可靠数据.     

基于SURF算法的无坐标矿山空间位置匹配方法

针对某些空间位置缺失的老旧矿山无法在国家坐标网中定位的问题,根据现有资料矢量化矿山等高线生成无坐标矿山DEM,利用SURF算法提取该DEM和基准DEM的图像特征信息,根据矿山匹配特点对该算法加以改进,进行图像特征相似性匹配。经过实验证明,该算法在无坐标矿山DEM位置识别与坐标确定中能够达到坐标校正要求,给老旧矿山空间位置的确定提供一种可以借鉴的思路与解决方法。     

VB6.0环境下基于MO的矿山地质环境信息系统开发研究

旨在基于VB环境下的MO地理信息系统控件,利用MO的一系列对象开发嵌入式的地理信息系统.以研究开发的矿山地质环境信息系统为例,充分说明了MO在进行信息系统开发时的优缺点.同时,通过对矿山地质环境信息系统的研究,充分评价其矿山地质环境的优劣,为矿山地质环境的管理提供方便的决策分析.     

1:1万数字高程模型的建立及坡度分析

以1:1万地形图(H-48-72-24)为研究区域,采用地理信息系统软件ARC/INFO数字化地形图生成数字高程模型,应用地理信息系统空间叠加功能进行坡度分析;结果表明,研究区域<25°的水田222.0hm2,占水田总面积的89.6%;>15°的旱地869.2hm2,占旱地面积的70.8%,其中>25°的旱地383.1hm2,占旱地总面积的近31.2%。     

基于GIS的山区县域土地生态安全评价

研究目的综合应用数字高程模型(DEM)、TM遥感数据和各种调查数据,在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,基于栅格对栖霞市土地生态安全状况进行评价与分析,为山区土地生态安全研究探索一种精确的评价方法.研究方法首先建立栖霞市地形、土壤和土地利用基础数据库;然后结合区域特征选取评价因子,并进行空间量化处理和赋值;最后以地形为主导囚子建立评价模型,完成土地生态安全等级划分.研究结果栖霞市土地生态系统可划分为安全、较安全、预警和中警4个状态级,各级别面积分别占22.62%、49.82%、20.51%和7.05%,土地生态安全级主要分布在西南和东北部的倾斜平地和山间泊地,土地生态较安全级广泛分布于低山丘陵区,西北和东南部的山地区域处于土地生态预警和中警等级.研究结论栖霞市土地生态状况整体上良好,与实际情况相符合,今后应加强土地利用结构优化和果园集约化管理,提高土壤肥力,减少水土流失,保证土地生态系统健康稳定.     

新亚欧大陆桥郑州－潼关段生态环境综合评价

采用卫星遥感和地理信息系统技术,对新亚欧大陆桥(中国段)郑州-潼关段的生态环境进行了综合评价.     

利用城镇地籍数据快速构建城市三维模型的方法

研究目的:利用2DGIS中城镇地籍数据信息快速建立城市三维模型。研究方法:首先对城镇大比例数据进行归类,提取适合三维建模的点、线、面要素,然后对要素进行重新组织,利用ArcScene,依据三维表达的要求,对地形背景建立DEM并与DOM叠加处理,界址点、控制点等点状地物建立三维独立地物符号库,一般建筑物按高度进行拉伸,而对标志性建筑物采用三维建模软件按二维轮廓进行精细模型制作。研究结果:成功地对某市大比例尺城镇地籍数据进行三维可视城市三维模型构建。研究结论:利用2DGIS中城镇地籍数据信息建立城市三维模型方法可行有效,有利于推进三维地籍的发展。     

Towards integration of 3D legal and physical objects in cadastral data models

Digital 3D cadastres are often envisaged as the visualisation of 3D property rights (legal objects) and to some extent, their physical counterparts (physical objects) such as buildings and utility networks on, above and under the surface. They facilitate registration and management of 3D properties and reduction of boundary disputes. They also enable a wide variety of applications that in turn identify detailed and integrated 3D legal and physical objects for property management and city space management (3D land use management).Efficient delivery and implementation of these applications require many elements to support a digital 3D cadastre, such as existing 3D property registration laws, appropriate 3D data acquisition methods, 3D spatial database management systems, and functional 3D visualisation platforms. In addition, an appropriate 3D cadastral data model can also play a key role to ensure successful development of the 3D cadastre.A 3D cadastral data model needs to reflect the complexity and interrelations of 3D legal objects and their physical counterparts. Many jurisdictions have defined their own cadastral data models for legal purposes and have neglected the third dimension, integration of physical counterparts and semantic aspects.To address these problems, this paper aims to investigate why existing cadastral data models do not facilitate effective representation and analysis of 3D data, integration of 3D legal objects with their physical counterparts, and semantics. Then, a 3D cadastral data model (3DCDM) is proposed as a solution to improve the current cadastral data models. The data model is developed based on the ISO standards. UML modelling language is used to specify the data model. The results of this research can be used by cadastral data modellers to improve existing or develop new cadastral data models to support the requirements of 3D cadastres.     

基于"3S"的内外业一体化地籍变更模式研究

为促进现代测量技术和信息化成果在地籍管理工作中的应用,保证地籍数据的现势性,在传统地籍变更模式的基础上提出了基于"3S"的内外业一体化地籍变更模式.利用"3S"技术、无线电通讯技术、网络技术使得外业变更地籍调查与内业数据处理一体化,做到实地调查实地变更,遇到问题现场解决,与传统工作模式相比大大提高了地籍变更工作效率.     

Pathways for a future cadastral system: A socio-technical approach

A vast array of trends and innovations, such as drones and person-to-person trust solutions, have been proposed to revolutionize the task of recording land and property rights. There is, however, a gap in current research regarding how to approach systematically the future(s) of cadastral systems. This paper introduces socio-technical transitions theory and multi-level perspective (MLP) framework in particular as a way to structure potential pathways for cadastral systems. The approach emphasizes the role of institutional rules of the game – the regulative, normative and cognitive institutional elements – in socio-technical transition processes. Using the Finnish cadastral system as a case study, we illustrate the approach by forming three alternative transition pathways: (1) a cadastral system under digital transformation, (2) differentiating urban and rural cadastral systems, and (3) a cadastral system facing new data management challenges. After describing each transition pathway with a narrative storyline, we reflect them in light of previous discourses of the cadastral domain. Thereby, the study provides new insights into discussions about the future of cadastral systems and land administration in general.     

Development of 3D underground cadastral data model in Korea: Based on land administration domain model

Underground space is being considered as a sustainable development resource, especially in heavily urbanized areas such as Seoul, in Korea. However, regarding 3D underground property, uncertainties and gaps exist between cadastral system and real property registration system. In Korea, cadastral system is able to deal with only 2D surface parcel, on the contrary, real property registration system is able to register and manage legal status of 3D underground properties. The mismatch between these two systems causes various types of problems for underground properties such as a vertical boundary disputes between aboveground and underground ownerships, administrative confusion and dual-compensation problems for new underground construction, reconstruction and haphazard development for underground space due to the lack of systematic registration procedure. In order to overcome these problems, this research proposes a 3D underground cadastral data model, which is associated and integrated with classes in ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) developed by the Technical Committee 211 of the International Organization for Standardization. The proposed 3D underground cadastral data model comprises two packages: 3D underground parcel package, and 3D underground surveying and mapping package. It would support a better service for land administration by providing reliable and accurate spatial information on 3D underground property. In order to validate the proposed 3D underground cadastral data model, the prototype is developed and implemented in real-world situation for the first time. The proposed 3D underground cadastral data model can register various types of 3D underground properties including architectures such as shopping mall, public walkway, parking lot, and etc., and civil infrastructures such as subway, road, water supply, sewage, common utility tunnel, and etc. The results show that the proposed 3D underground cadastral data model could be applicable for other information system such as land valuation and taxation system, urban planning system, construction and facility management system.     

Initial 3D cadastre registration by cadastral resurvey in the Republic of Croatia

2D Land cadastre on the present territory of the Republic of Croatia has been continuously developed in the last 200 years. Throughout the years, survey methods, needs and purposes of cadastre have changed. This resulted in a variety of cadastral data with different accuracy and completeness. Today, we can collect an enormous amount of data and the need for cadastral data has never been greater. We need to find feasible solutions to make the initial acquisition of 3D cadastral data which would satisfy the needs of stakeholders involved in Land Administration System (LAS).This paper will present a historical background of the cadastral data acquisition which would help to understand circumstances on how this variety of available cadastral data has been produced and the data available nowadays. Based on the historical overview and the overview of the current state, we will upgrade the data model of a LAS used in Croatia to support the implementation of a 3D cadastre. The model will include its static components but also proposed improvements of cadastral resurvey related processes. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), which in 2012 became the ISO 19,152 standard, will be used as the formal basis.This paper offers a proposal for cadastral resurvey improvements, better registration of public rights and registration of separate parts of real properties. It will identify and explore critical points and make recommendations to bring Real Property Cadastre closer to a real 3D register.     

Development of process model for Serbian cadastre

Identifying the processes in the cadastre enables understanding the principles on which the cadastre works. Processes in cadastre define the way how the cadastre manages information and what are the prerequisites for the data to be stored in the appropriate data structure. In order to explicitly specify cadastral procedures and workflows to support their automatization, we developed a process model for Serbian cadastre. The main reason for developing the process model is to ensure the framework which will provide possible integration and interoperability with other systems outside traditional cadastral system and between cadastral subsystems themselves. The process model is based on hierarchical decomposition of two basic groups of processes: processes for changing cadastral data and processes for displaying cadastral data. Each group of processes is further decomposed step by step until the workflow of a single process is shown. The developed process model is an abstract model, i.e. it is independent of the implementation. However, in order to instantiate such process model, it is necessary to provide binding of the abstract process model to its underlying implementation. Cadastral registration of spatial units may be beneficial for activities that relay on land administration, such as taxation, spatial planning, obtaining a building permit or legalization of buildings. This relation to the processes under jurisdiction of other organizations justifies the use of cadastral process model and its implementation into SOA environment. Traditionally, cadastral processes include alphanumeric data and 2D spatial data on cadastral maps that contain 2D borders of parcels and buildings. However, recent advancements in 3D technology bring the opportunity to enhance such processes with 3D information. In particular, the aim is to extend current 2D process model to support data maintenance and transactions in the upgrade towards 3D cadastre. Therefore, these 3D data supported workflows are introduced to the process model. For the processes that include 3D information the choice has to be made which specifications will be used and how representations of 3D spatial units will be resolved. In this paper, we first develop an abstract process model of Serbian cadastre. After that, we extend the process model to include 3D information, discuss the options for using the encodings of 3D spatial units (legal spaces) and select buildingSMART openBIM IFC standard for this purpose.     

基于工作流和ARCSDE 技术的地籍管理信息系统设计与实现

研究目的：研究采用工作流和ArcSDE技术建立地籍管理信息系统,明确系统设计原则,确定系统设计路线,并建设功能模块。研究方法：以杭州市地籍管理信息系统建设为例,构建C/S、B/S结合等三层混合体系架构,采用宗地内部标识和时间维度实现宗地关联与历史回溯等关键问题。研究结果：（1）基于ArcSDE和工作流技术,采用C/S、B/S结合的三层混合体系架构,能很好地满足图文一体化地籍管理的日常应用需要;（2）将城、乡地籍管理业务数据统一管理和地籍日常业务审批自动化紧密结合,实现了城乡一体化数据图属关联和实时更新。研究结论：基于工作流和ArcSDE技术较好地解决了日常地籍业务办公与地籍空间数据动态管理同步和城乡一体化管理问题,具有较广泛的应用意义。     

Geometrical data validation in 3D digital cadastre − A case study for Victoria,Australia

Data ambiguity and invalidity can cause significant expensive issues in the cadastral domain (e.g. legal disputes). An automated data validation can significantly help to reduce the potential issues. Quality assurance has been comprehensively investigated in various domains, however, the validation of 3D cadastral data is still in its early development. The availability of various regular and irregular shapes for 3D cadastral objects and modern building designs has resulted in a critical need for developing validation rules to ensure data validity and quality.The land registry in Victoria, Australia, is investigating the technical requirements for implementing a 3D digital cadastre. The study of 3D cadastral data validation requirements has been part of this ongoing investigation. This study is being undertaken in three main phases including 1) developing geometrical validation rules, 2) developing non-geometrical validation rules, 3) implementing an online service to validate 3D cadastral data.This paper aims to discuss the initial outcomes of the first phase of the aforementioned study which has focused on developing geometrical validation rules for 3D cadastral objects. The paper reviews the development of four geometrical validation rules which have been formalised using mathematical expressions to check the individual 3D parcels and their relationships with adjoining or neighbouring parcels. The first validation rule checks the compatibility of the cancelled parcel against the created parcels. The second rule deals with parcel collision detection which is required for flagging unacceptable intersection of 3D objects. The third rule ensures the faces forming a 3D parcel are flat. The fourth validation rule assures 3D objects are watertight. The paper concludes with a discussion around the impacts of the proposed validation checks on the subdivision process and future research for the Victorian 3D digital cadastre.     

地籍数据库管理模式研究——以徐州市为例

地籍数据库是国土资源基础数据库中重要的一个子库,地籍数据库的有效管理是地籍管理信息系统应用及可持续发展的一个基础保障.在对徐州市地籍数据库管理的实践基础上,总结经验,并探索改进的方法,从地籍管理信息系统权限管理模块、地籍数据库长效变更机制的建立、地籍数据库变更情况统计分析功能以及电子档案等方面对地籍数据库的管理模式进行探讨.