内蒙古自治区农业经济与农业生态经济耦合研究

[目的]通过分析内蒙古自治区农业经济与农业生态环境耦合程度,从农业经济系统与农业生态环境系统中分别选取6个指标,构建农业经济与农业生态环境耦合关联模型,定量评判农业经济系统与农业生态环境系统交互作用的关联耦合度。[方法]运用灰色关联分析法,选取2006~2016年内蒙古自治区农业经济与农业生态环境两个系统中12个不同的指标,研究两系统间的耦合关系。[结果]2016年农业经济与农业生态环境的关联程度均较高,其中农业生产总值与农业生态环境的关联度最高,而人均农用机械总动力与农民人均纯收入与农业生态环境的平均关联度最低;2006~2016年间,内蒙古自治区农业经济系统的6个指标与农业生态环境系统的关联度均较高,农业生态环境系统的各项指标总体趋势起伏不大,呈稳步上升趋势;2006~2016年间,内蒙古自治区农业经济与农业生态环境的耦合度呈"小波浪"形趋势变化,整体的耦合度较高。[结论]内蒙古自治区农业经济与农业生态环境处于高水平耦合阶段,为高度协调类型中的中级协调发展类。     

农业生态环境与农业经济协同发展路径研究

农业生态环境的保护与治理是农业经济实现健康可持续发展的重要基础,农业经济的健康可持续发展更是农业生态环境的保护与治理的根本保障。文章从深入阐述农业生态环境与农业经济发展二者的关系入手,分析当前我国农业经济发展过程中农业生态环境依然面临的严峻威胁,并深入探索实现农业生态环境与农业经济协同发展的主要路径,以期为解决农业经济发展过程中的农业生态环境问题提供有效思路,大力推进农业现代化进程和乡村振兴战略。     

湖南省农业生态环境问题及对策

农业生态环境的健康发展是农业可持续发展的关键。对整个国民经济的持续发展有其深远影响;分析了湖南省农业生态环境存在的主要问题,结合实际,提出了改善和建设湖南省农业生态环境的发展对策。     

发展农业产业化 推进农业综合开发

发展农业产业化推进农业综合开发中华人民共和国农业部万宝瑞我国农业综合开发已实施９年。９年来，综合开发工作取得了巨大成绩，大大改善了开发区的生产条件和生态环境，有效地提高了开发区的农业综合生产能力，为全国农业特别是粮食生产再上新台阶作出了重大贡献。农业...     

美国农业生态环境保护的经验及启示

随着我国经济的迅速发展,加剧了对资源的过度开采和能源的大量消耗,使得有害物质排放量增加,破坏了农业生态环境,导致了农业生态系统的严重失衡。农业生态环境问题不仅直接关系到我们的生存,而且所出现的不利于发展的因素又反过来直接制约着经济的发展。作为农业大国和强国的美国,在农业生态环境的保护方面积累了丰富的经验,值得我们借鉴。     

论农业可持续发展与农业现代化

马克思主义认为，实践是检验真理的唯一标准。本世纪中叶以来，实现农业现代化成了一种全球性思潮。在这种思潮的冲击下，各国竞相实现农业现代化，片面追求农业生产的高效率和高效益。这样，在农业取得巨大发展的同时，却带来了严重的副作用，使生态环境恶化、资源危机、...     

保护农业生态环境促进农业持续发展

保护农业生态环境促进农业持续发展张彩清纵观当今世界，一方面存在着经济繁荣发展的机遇和活力．另一方面也面临着环境恶化的威胁，如何迎接挑战，有效地解决工农业经济发展与保护农业环境问题，是我们必须作出的抉择。党的十一届三中全会以来，我区农牧业有了较大的发展...     

持续农业：农业现代化的必然选择

一、可持续农业的提出及其基本内涵 自产业革命以来,特别是第二次世界大战以后,民办各国农业产生了巨大变革,以机械化、大量使用农药、化肥为特征的现代农业取代了传统农业,使世界农业有了突破性的发展。但在这场变革当中,由于忽视了对自然资源、生态环境的保护,普遍存在着过量使用农药和化肥、过度放牧、滥用     

欧盟的农业生态补贴政策

<正>2003年,欧盟出台了农业生态环境的最低标准指标体系,并以此作为指导欧盟成员国进行农业生态环境补贴的纲领性文件。欧盟各成员国依据农业生态环境的最低标准指标体系     

我国农业生态环境的可持续性评价

就我国农业生态环境存在问题的现状、起源、造成的损失、发展趋势等进行了评估，并指出在发展农业生产的同时，必须注意合理利用自然资源、保持赖以生存的生态环境，才能最终达到农业可持续发展的目标。     

北京市“一村一品”发展竞争力评价研究*——基于因子分析法

［目的］通过评价北京市“一村一品”的发展竞争力，明确北京市“一村一品”的发展存在的问题。为促进北京市“一村一品”更好发展提供依据，也为其他地区“一村一品”的发展提供经验和借鉴。［方法］文章选取质量因子、规模因子、效益因子3个具有较强代表性的指标构建北京市“一村一品”发展竞争力评价体系，利用2017年北京市9个区县的“一村一品”发展情况的调研数据，采用因子分析法对北京各区县“一村一品”发展竞争力进行评价，对发展状况进行比较。［结果］密云区、大兴区和延庆县在“一村一品”发展质量方面明显优于其他区县； 在“一村一品”发展规模及潜力方面，平谷区、顺义区和密云区优于其他区县； 而在“一村一品”发展效益及潜力方面，房山区、延庆县、顺义区较其他区县有更好的优势。［结论］北京市各个区县“一村一品”在发展规模、质量、效益等方面存在较大的不均衡性，研究指出北京9个区县“一村一品”发展存在的主要问题，提出了相应的对策以提高北京市郊区“一村一品”发展竞争力。     

AIDS and agricultural production. Report of a land utilization survey,Masaka and Rakai districts of Uganda

Increased AIDS mortality and other preexisting conditions have contributed to agricultural productivity declines in the districts of Masaka and Rakai in Uganda. These two districts were the most fertile in Uganda and also had the highest HIV seroprevalence rates in Africa. 66% of study households experienced land use decline to some extent over the past 5 years. The 11% decline in poultry production and 32% decline in cattle production was reportedly due to poor management and loss of grazing land from overpopulation and larger scale farms. The most frequently reported reasons for crop reductions were death and sickness; these was estimated as affecting 8% of families with children under 5 years in the study area. Morbidity and mortality as a reason for the decline was reported two times as much as poverty and decline in international coffee prices. Other reasons for loss of productivity were food shortages and insecurity, loss of income, and reduced ability to respond to educational and medical needs. Cassava is replacing the culturally preferred matooke banana as a crop that is more disease-, pest-, and drought resistant. The banana weevil has been a recent problem. Marginal farming systems have been the most affected by declines in land use and livestock production, but fertile areas have not been spared the impact from AIDS and adult mortality. Poverty has decreased the use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers in the districts. Policy has had an impact on agricultural practices: population growth and inheritance have added to loss of individual land holdings and contributed to fallow periods and infertility. Appropriate land management practices have not been adequately promoted in the agricultural extension service. Civil wars and the drop in coffee prices have reduced the number of farm laborers. Common grazing land has been turned over to large commercial ranches. Government should maintain research and monitoring of declines in food and cash crop production and manpower needs. Policy must be designed to respond to the complicated factors affecting productivity. High AIDS prevalence areas and marginal areas where reduced production effects would be the most severe must be given priority status. Development of cash crop alternatives must be examined and perhaps supported on an experimental basis by donor agencies. Maximum productivity should be encouraged by rural extension and education agencies. A number of other specific recommendations were made for individual survival strategies to maintain high agricultural productivity.     

西藏油菜种质资源的生态地理区划

将西藏油菜种质资源按生态地理划分为2个大区、7 个小区，对各小区的自然地理基本特征、油菜生产状况、品种特性与分布等作了简要描述。     

Spatial economics of biological control: investing in new releases of insects for earlier limitation of Paterson's curse in Australia

Paterson's curse and related weeds (Echium spp.) were introduced as garden flowers before 1850 and have spread to over 30 million ha in southern Australia. Four hundred successful releases of crown weevil (M. lawatus) populations specifically targeting Echium spp. were made in the 1993–2000 period. Based on the timing, location and performance of these past releases of beneficial insects, spatially and temporally specific trajectories of biocontrol have been simulated. Insect populations established by the past releases are expected to cover expanding areas at densities sufficient to limit host Echium infestations only over the next 25‐50 years. The present analysis tackles the questions of where and how many additional releases are economically justified to speed up this process. We identify 31 districts in which diminishing niches for further insect releases are projected over time, according to the locations of damaging weed infestations and the timing, location and numbers of past insect releases. Benefits of biocontrol are expressed in terms of the value of recovered pasture productivity, keyed to estimates of loss and to historical district livestock inventories converted to dry sheep equivalent (DSE) feed availability levels to which prices are applied. Expected marginal contributions of increments of new releases were simulated for each of the 31 districts, subject to the spacehime limitations of each niche. Our explicit accounting for the spatial and temporal dimensions has made possible the economically optimd targeting of new biocontrol releases. For example, at $12/DSE and a marginal cost of $2000 per release, with a discount rate of l0%, we find there is a case for a program of over 400 new releases targeted to 17 districts, with as few as five releases to each of several and as many as 70 releases in one district.     

University and innovation district symbiosis in the context of placemaking: Insights from Australian cities

Innovation districts are a new land-use type, where public and private actors work towards fostering, attracting, and retaining investment and talent to revitalise urban areas and boost knowledge/innovation economy activities. Developing innovation districts has become a popular urban strategy across the globe. They are often co-located with universities to act as a critical anchor in their socio-spatial and operational matrices. Despite the role of universities in the knowledge/innovation economy being researched extensively, university and innovation district symbiosis, particularly in the context of placemaking, is an understudied area of research. This paper aims to investigate the socio-cultural role played by anchor universities in facilitating placemaking in innovation districts. The study adopts a qualitative approach to analyse how stakeholders perceive Australian innovation districts. The findings reveal that: (a) Universities play pivotal roles as facilitators of placemaking through societal integration in innovation districts; (b) Universities act as platforms for collaboration and exchange of knowledge by adopting extroverted and collaborative approaches; (c) Universities help in developing a sense of trust within the community and establishing innovation districts as democratic, cohesive and prosperous localities; (d) Universities contribute to socio-cultural and organisational maturity of innovation districts.     

贵州省百香果种植适宜性评价

目的 百香果近几年在贵州域内推广种植,因当地整体气候环境条件与其最优生境条件存在较大差异,导致部分地区百香果无法越冬、成熟果实产量和质量较低等问题,因此分析贵州省百香果种植适宜性对其产业化发展具有指导意义。方法 文章将百香果种植适宜性评价体系分为两层：生长适宜层与现状限制层,生长适宜层除了5项常规生长指标（常年均温、最冷月均温等）外,考虑贵州百香果种植低产、质低的问题,引入百香果关键生长期（5—11月、7—8月）的温度作为生长指标之一;现状限制层包括5种不宜种植的土地利用类型和重度石漠化、极度石漠化以及坡度大于25°地区。运用空间叠加、栅格计算以及空间统计等GIS方法得出百香果种植适宜评价结果。结果 （1）评价等级面积：不适宜>次适宜>适宜,面积分别为1 456.096 457万hm²、274.224 849万hm²、31.348 694万hm²,全省无最适宜区分布。（2）次适宜区面积较广,但在黔西和黔中地区分布面积较少;适宜区涉及到25区县,81.71%适宜区集中在南北盘江流域低热河谷区域。（3）以适宜性评价结果为基础,区县为基本单元,根据适宜性程度进行百香果产业发展区划,其中重点5个、一般区11个、分散选育区27个、非推荐种植区45个。（4）可种植百香果贫困区县有22个,占贫困县总数的66.67%。结论 贵州省不适宜大面积种植百香果,33个贫困县中10个贫困县区县可作为百香果产业发展区。     

基于农用地分等的国家级重点建设项目补充耕地方法

研究目的:确定省际间可比的折算系数的方法,为国家级重点建设项目补充耕地提供技术支撑。研究方法:文献资料法,案例研究法。研究结果:以全国农用地分等汇总成果和各省(区、市)按等折算工作为基础,以标准粮产量为依据,根据农用地利用等别——标准粮产量对应关系,测算出省际间可比的等级折算系数,并以国家南水北调中线工程为例,模拟了在北京、天津、河北、河南等省市占用耕地,黑龙江补充耕地数量质量按等级折算方法。研究结论:通过省际间的补充既可以缓解后备耕地资源紧张省(区、市)补充耕地的压力,又可以给予欠发达的、以农业为主的省(区、市)土地整理开发复垦的资金保障,是当前国家级重点建设项目补充耕地切实有效的方法。     

Socioeconomic burden of trypanosomiasis: Evidence from crop and livestock production in Ethiopia

This paper estimates the impact of trypanosomiasis on crop-livestock production, economic loss and poverty in Ethiopia. We use unique panel data to estimate how the disease affects livestock deaths, production costs and crop production. We then use these estimates to evaluate the disease's total economic loss and its implications on poverty in the study districts and the country. Estimates of the fixed effect regression models indicate that trypanosomiasis increases the value of livestock deaths by 33% and production costs by 63%. Crop production decreases by 14% when trypanosomiasis and oxen death coexist. We estimate that the direct economic loss is about US$58,300 per annum in the study districts. The estimated countrywide economic loss is about US$94 million per annum. Had the government prevented this economic loss and invested it in social protection programmes, it could have lifted about 9000 people in the study districts and about 200,000 people in the country above the national poverty line per annum. These findings indicate that trypanosomiasis remains a major production constraint. Controlling the disease appears to be pro-poor, calling for more policy attention.     

The Economic Benefits of Irrigation Districts under Prior Appropriation Doctrine: An Econometric Analysis of Agricultural Land‐Allocation Decisions

The economic literature has established that prior appropriation doctrine induces heterogeneity in risk among water users, which leads to an inefficient allocation of resources. In this study, we show that irrigation districts alleviate that risk by deviating from the strict application of prior appropriation doctrine. As a result, farmers inside irrigation districts are able to plant more water‐intensive crops than farmers outside irrigation districts, which increases average profitability. We empirically examine this hypothesis by leveraging a georeferenced panel data set at the spatial scale of the individual water right and spanning 2007–14 in Idaho's Eastern Snake River Plain. Our results indicate that on average, irrigation districts allocate larger portions of their land to drought‐sensitive, high‐value crops such as sugar beets and potatoes. As a result of differences in planting decisions, members of irrigation districts earn on average $16.20 per acre, or 6.0% more per year than those outside of irrigation districts.