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Silvia Weyerbrock 《Agricultural Economics》2001,26(3):237-251
This paper studies the impact of productivity increases in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe on world agricultural markets and the regions’ bilateral and sectoral agricultural trade flows. We use a six‐region, 13‐sector general equilibrium model. We find that productivity increases lead to a significant increase in the regions’ agricultural output and exports and the former Soviet Union's agricultural imports. The former Soviet Union's net agricultural imports increase, whereas Eastern Europe's net agricultural trade balances improve. Overall, agricultural exporters will benefit, particularly, if productivity increases are not limited to or disproportionally high in agriculture. 相似文献
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It has often been stated that land fragmentation and farm structures characterized by small agricultural holdings and farms divided in a large number of parcels have been the side-effect of land reform in Central and Eastern Europe. This article reports the findings of a study of land reform in 25 countries in the region from 1989 and onwards and provides an overview of applied land reform approaches. With a basis in theory on land fragmentation, the linkage between land reform approaches and land fragmentation is explored. It is discussed in which situations land fragmentation is a barrier for the development of the agricultural and rural sector. The main finding is that land fragmentation is often hampering agricultural and rural development when both land ownership and land use is highly fragmented. 相似文献
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《中国农业经济评论》2005,3(4):469-480
1989年之后,包括波兰、匈牙利和斯洛伐克在内的中东欧的许多国家在社会、政治、经济领域发生了重大变革。在这个特定的社会经济转型时期,为了了解这些国家的农户如何适应市场经济,在2001年一个由华沙农业大学、斯洛伐克农业大学、匈牙利农业大学以及美国康奈尔大学社会学系所组成的课题组对波兰、匈牙利、斯洛伐克3个国家的11个地区的农户进行了社会调查。数据的收集是以调查问卷的形式进行的,最后共有2933个农户被调查。调查结果输入SPSS软件应用程序之中,建立数据库,并利用模糊聚类法等统计方法,对这些农户的收入、人口统计学方面的变化、经济活动、劳动力资源,以及农户对转型的态度等多项指标进行了分析,从而来了解农户在经济转型时期是如何生存的,并对农户的生活水平以及变化进行了评估,最后根据存在的主要问题,提出了政府职能部门可能采纳的相应的农业宏观发展战略、农业经济政策等。 相似文献
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The post-socialist countries underwent dramatic changes in agricultural land ownership and production system. Former socialist collective farms have been dismantled, rural land has been privatized, and land markets have been formalized. Nevertheless, more than a decade later farming associations still persist in the choices that landowners make in terms of land reallocation despite collective action problems and the availability of leasing-out land as a close substitute. While the decision of farming the land individually has been well understood, there is less research on why landowners join farming associations rather than participate in land transactions. The paper examines this question using household survey data from the two largest agro-regions in Romania. I find that farming associations constitute a good land reallocation option for landowners that are resource constrained but are still willing and able to be engaged in farming. Associations provide security of tenure and capital access, allowing landowners to draw on the benefits of scale economies. Leasing-out is a viable alternative for younger landowners who can engage in non-farming activities and for older landowners with limited farming abilities. 相似文献
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The primary contributions of smallholders during the communist and early postcommunist periods have been food production and labour for large farms. Those conditions are changing, however, as modern farms require less labour and food supply may be imported. For most smallholders in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union countries, the postcommunist neoliberal environment has not brought significant improvement, and strong arguments can be made that land grabbing, social and economic exclusion, and rural poverty are worse than regime bias during the communist period. Cooperatives, which have empowered smallholders in other parts of the world, have not been as well developed in postcommunist nations. 相似文献
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Jan Fałkowski 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2018,18(4):893-903
It has long been recognized that agrarian transformation can be seen as an outcome of struggles between politically influential interest groups. At the same time, numerous theoretical arguments suggest that small‐scale farmers are politically weak. Smallholders are commonly believed to comprise a particularly vulnerable group, which has only little influence on the pace and the direction of the ongoing restructuring. One may wonder, however, whether smallholders are able to affect the paths of agrarian development once they solve collective action problem and attain political office. In this paper, we try to improve our understanding in this respect by analysing smallholders in Poland. Our findings suggest that in municipalities in which smallholders had access to political offices, the rate of smallholders' exits from farming was significantly lower than elsewhere. 相似文献
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Conflicts often arise in relation to the conservation of protected predator species. If stakeholders are well defined and involved in participatory processes, their views and perceptions can be incorporated and steps can be made towards resolving such conflicts. In this paper, a case from Hungary is presented. In this case, a participatory management planning process was initiated in the Jászság Special Protection Area of European importance (SPA), within the frame of a LIFE+ project focusing on the conservation of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). It provided a good opportunity to address a complex conflict situation between nature conservationists, game managers and farmers. We identified structural conflicts such as contradictions between direct agricultural payments and nature conservation goals, conflicts related to different views of the main influencing factors, relational problems between various stakeholders, and even differences in value orientation. The participatory management planning process was successful in clarifying the conflict situation and making productive steps toward a common understanding and resolution. Besides the mutually agreed conservation measures, the establishment of an administrative and financial incentive such as the high nature value area (HNVA) scheme proved to be an especially important factor for mitigating the conflict. It also contributed to a more successful realisation of nature conservation objectives in an area dominated by private land owners. However, continued interaction and cooperation are needed to stabilise this progress. Our paper also shows that stakeholder involvement in conservation management planning can transcend the strategic dimension of participation, and address broader common values besides the interests of land user groups. 相似文献
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Buysse Jeroen; Fernagut Bruno; Harmignie Olivier; de Frahan Bruno Henry; Lauwers Ludwig; Polome Philippe; Van Huylenbroeck Guido; Van Meensel Jef 《European Review of Agricultural Economics》2007,34(1):21-52
A mathematical programming model, calibrated on individual farmdata, is used to analyse the reform of the common market organisation(CMO) in the sugar sector of the European Union. The model includesa precautionary farm supply function for out-of-quota sugarbeet that is estimated as part of a simultaneous system of first-orderconditions. Simulation results from a sample of Belgian sugarbeet farms show that the sugar CMO reform induces differentsupply and income effects across farms depending on their shareof out-of-quota sugar beet relative to their total beet supplyand their quota rent. A further cut in the minimum price ofsugar beet initiates structural change in the farm sector. 相似文献
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农业\"走出去\"是国家\"走出去\"战略的重要组成部分,也是落实\"一带一路\"倡议的重要抓手。总体来说,中国农业企业\"走出去\"是\"遍地是黄金,处处是陷阱\"。投资区域日趋广泛,集中于中亚地区;投资主体日趋多样,民营企业发展迅速;投资领域日趋多元,加工贸易优势突出;投资经营日趋规范,本土化特征明显;由农产品加工贸易模式向农业技术转移模式转变。但面临着国外政策环境方面的资源困境、技术困境、人才困境、舆论困境,国内政策制度方面的投资审批、种质资源、农产品检验检疫限制,企业经营管理方面的市场竞争环境较激烈、企业国际化能力不强、企业的品牌价值不高、社会责任塑造能力弱,社会服务体系方面的行业信息服务不到位、政府涉外服务不到位等问题。建议政府部门建立和完善推动农业企业\"走出去\"的支持服务体系,同时,引导和支持农业企业提升\"走出去\"的投资经营能力。 相似文献
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陈杰 《中国农业资源与区划》2018,39(9):298-303
[目的]休闲观光农业建设是绍兴市产业转型升级的关键一步,探寻休闲观光农业新模式,能够为休闲农业发展提供理论参考。[方法]文章采用变异系数法确定指标权重,多因素综合分析法测算观光农业发展水平,从循环经济角度出发,评价2001—2016年绍兴市休闲观光农业发展可持续性,提出发展中存在的问题并探索循环型的休闲观光农业新模式。[结果](1)2001—2016年以来,经济发展可持续性得分较高,资源环境可持续得分次之,循环经济可持续发展偏低。(2)现阶段绍兴市休闲观光农业发展主要存在休闲观光农业自然环境不断遭到破坏,休闲观光农业缺乏整体规划,休闲观光农业旅游支撑体系不够健全等问题。(3)未来发展中,循环经济发展下的休闲观光农业可以开发建设时空复合循环型、资源综合利用循环型、能量多级利用循环型、综合开发利用循环型等4种模式。[结论]未来绍兴市应将循环经济的理念融入到休闲观光农业中,因地制宜,科学选择循环型休闲观光农业发展模式; 规划先行,科学利用农业旅游资源; 强化保障,建立休闲观光农业支撑体系,全面推动休闲观光农业健康持续发展。 相似文献
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20世纪20年代以来,中国科学社的一批核心成员学成归国来到南京,他们以中央大学农学院(含其前身)和金陵大学农学院为中心,促成了清末农务学堂办学模式向现代农业科学教育模式的转型。这批农学家先后参与创办了民国时期10个农业与生物类学会,主办了50多种学术期刊,促进了现代农业与生物科学知识在中国的引进、传播、本土化和学术共同体建设,为改造中国传统农业作出了重要贡献。文章以中央大学农学院和金陵大学农学院为主线,对其师生参与创建的农业与生物类学会主办学术期刊的创立过程、主要负责人、关注主题、发展演变等历史事实进行了整理,为研究近现代中国高等农业教育的发展演变提供系统史料。 相似文献
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2018年,广东在全国率先全面推进现代农业产业园建设,并将其作为实施乡村振兴战略的重要抓手和"头号工程"。在政策顶层设计方面,改革省级财政投入方式,实行简政放权。本文从工作实践出发,针对产业园项目库项目储备机制、项目立项评估机制、产业园建设资金管理机制、产业园过程管理机制、政策保障机制进行了细致的分析和描述,以期为全国现代农业产业园建设提供借鉴。 相似文献
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Mark W. Rosegrant Claudia Ringler Tingju Zhu Simla Tokgoz Prapti Bhandary 《Agricultural Economics》2013,44(Z1):139-150
The world economy is under pressure for greater, more efficient and more sustainable use of natural resources to meet complementary and competing objectives in the food, water and energy sectors. Interactions between these three sectors have become increasingly affected by the bioeconomy—a concept that encompasses economic growth driven by the development of renewable biological resources and biotechnologies to produce sustainable products, employment and income. This article explores how water and the bioeconomy are interlinked, including how the constraints from growing water scarcity—in part caused by development of the bioeconomy—may influence bioeconomic growth. The article describes the impact of biofuel production on water quantity and quality and examines the potential for improved water use through the development of crop biotechnology and improved crop management. Then alternative scenarios for water in the bioeconomy are assessed, and policy conclusions are presented. 相似文献
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王荣国 《安徽行政学院学报》2012,(4):103-106
我国高等教育的快速大众化,满足了社会公众需求,为国家经济和社会发展提供了大量急需人才,促进了高等教育的多样化发展。但过快的发展也导致学历文凭含金量的下降;国际竞争力被忽视;高校办学特色迷失和培养结构失衡等一系列问题。面对高等教育日益国际化的大环境,以及即将到来的后大众化时代,需要我们认真思索这一进程的现状,着力解决出现的问题,推动高等教育的科学发展。 相似文献
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本文基于动态分工演进,以自给自足的自然经济为起点,将秩序服务和财税政策纳入一个理论框架,结合超边际决策分析和一般均衡分析,考察在此过程中各个经济人的最优决策在市场上相互作用而内生的各种变化,揭示了财税政策作用于工农业分工和农业生产率的内在机制。然后,使用中国改革开放以来的数据对相关结论进行实证检验。模型分析表明,政府财税政策的实施在促进工农业分工水平提高的情况下,会扩大粮食生产的迂回化经济程度,进而推动粮食部门的农地生产率提升。就长期而言,单位面积的财政支农支出对农地生产率的提高有显著正向影响,在其他农业生产要素既定情况下,单位面积的财政支农支出每增加1%,农地生产率增加3. 23%;从短期来看,单位面积财政支农支出对农地生产率的作用较弱,但在反向修正机制的作用下,最终会达到有效提高农地生产率的长期稳定均衡。另外,财政支农支出的增加促进了分工水平的提高,而分工水平的提高又推动了农业生产率的提升。 相似文献
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我国科技体制改革的回顾与进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
张佳文 《国土资源科技管理》2002,19(2):62-65
随着我国社会主义市场经济的确立和发展,科学技术体制正发生重大变革。本文就我国科技进步及其体制的社会主义现代化建设中的地位和作用,从科技体制的形成与演变,回顾并分析了我国科技体制的制度变革过程。重点介绍了当前技术开发类科研机构和社会公益类科研机构的改革进展。 相似文献
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关于高校分配制度改革的若干政策建议 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
分配制度改革作为高校内部管理体制改革中的一项重要内容,在经过近20年长时间的探索、实践之后,取得了显著的成效。然而,随着高校分配制度改革的深入,一些改革中的问题也在逐步暴露。进一步深化高校分配制度改革,必须从以下几个方面不断完善:加强政府对高校分配制度改革的宏观指导、适时确定科学的分配梯度、正确权衡和处理分配关系、努力营造良好的改革氛围。 相似文献