农地经营权流转价格扭曲的政府干预效应 ——基于边际价格理论的实证分析

研究目的：考察政府不同干预行为对农地经营权流转价格扭曲的影响效应,为完善农地生产要素配置及优化农地市场内外环境等提供政策建议。研究方法： Binary Logistic模型。研究结果：（1）当前农地经营权流转价格本应反映承包地利用产生的经济效益,由土地要素投入产出品的边际收益价值所决定;但受市场机制不完善、乡土伦理规范等多重影响,农地实际流转价格与要素价格间产生差异,表现为农地经营权流转价格扭曲。（2）政府不同的干预行为对农地经营权流转价格扭曲产生差异化效应。政府主导流转的直接干预模式会引起流转价格的高价扭曲,而通过构建流转交易平台、提供补贴等政策间接干预会缓解流转价格的低价扭曲。（3）对土地的经济诉求和保障诉求是造成流转价格扭曲的重要原因。研究结论：农地经营权流转价格的形成应交予市场,政府应避免直接干预造成价格的人为扭曲,可通过土地流转中介组织或补贴政策来间接培育优化农地市场交易环境。     

工农业商品价格剪刀差扩大的思考

近几年,“工农业商品价格剪刀差又趋扩大”的呼声四起,“由于农村工业品零售价格上涨,农民在价格上的收益减少”的说法也很流行。对此我们对十一届三中全会以来,工农业商品价格剪刀差的变化情况作了一些研究。一、工农业商品价格剪刀差的现状     

土地征用中农民土地权益受损程度研究——以江苏省为例

当前,土地征用中农民土地权益受损已经是不争的事实,因而,合理测算土地征用中农民权益受损程度将为我国未来征地制度改革提供有益的借鉴.本文采用理论模型分析法、实证分析法、比较分析法分析土地征用中农民土地权益受损程度问题.研究结果表明,由于政府垄断、工农产品价格"剪刀差"以及市场失灵的存在,扭曲了土地收益分配格局,使得土地征用中农民土地权益受损严重.实证研究结果显示,消除上述各因素影响之后,农民分享土地收益的比例大幅度提升,由原来的6.7%增加到59.5%.因此,要有效保护土地征用中农民土地权益,必须在现有征地补偿的基础上,修正因工农产品价格"剪刀差"导致农民利益损失的部分,显现农地的社会保障价值和生态价值,并考虑结束单一的土地征用制度,打破政府价格垄断,推动城乡统一土地市场的发展.     

农地非农配置价格扭曲与可持续发展

偏低的农地非农配置价格是农地过度损失的重要原因,从农地非农配置产生的社会、经济和生态纯收益出发,从理论角度探讨了农地非农配置的合理价格,进而分析转型期我国农地价格扭曲现状及原因,认为消除扭曲的最优方法是体制改革,对我国而言,减少政府干预,建立和完善农地非农配置市场是当务之急。     

发达地区农村土地流转的收益分配格局与扭曲程度*——基于上海市农户问卷的实地调查

［目的］土地流转收益分配一直是城乡土地利用与管理的热点话题。文章根据上海农户微观实证调查，以农地征收作为国有建设用地的增值研究状态，以集体建设用地征收、复垦和私下交易为集体建设用地流转的增值研究状态，分析不同集体土地流转的各权利主体增值收益和收益分配格局。［方法］利用阿特金森福利指数测算不同流转模式下收益分配格局的扭曲程度。［结果］（1）农地城市流转中农户和政府的收益比为1∶4718； 宅基地征收中农户和政府的收益比为1∶122； 宅基地复垦两者收益比为1∶402，农户隐形交易中农户获得农村房地产全部增值收益105 783元，政府所得收益为0； （2）农地城市流转、宅基地征收和宅基地复垦3种流转形式的综合阿特金森指数分别为0918 7， 0009 9和0361 9，即宅基地征收的阿特金森指数最低，其收益分配格局扭曲程度最低，而农地城市流转阿特金森指数最高，即收益分配扭曲程度最高； （3）从收益分配扭曲程度可推测，政府组织流转集体土地的优先序为：农地城市流转>集体建设用地复垦>集体建设用地征收。［结论］该研究不仅分析了当前农村土地流转的收益分配格局，也揭示了政府组织集体土地流转活动的动机，为进一步提高农户补偿提供了一定科学依据。     

市场发育会缩小农户的农地流转意愿受偿价格和意愿支付价格差异吗

农户的农地流转意愿受偿价格和意愿支付价格之间存在较大差异,这被认为是阻碍农地租赁交易顺利达成的重要原因。为揭示市场失灵抑制农地流转的内在机理,本文通过构建农地供需模型反映农地流转市场发育程度对农户的农地流转意愿受偿价格和意愿支付价格差异的影响,并利用中国5省14个样本村563户水稻种植户的调查数据进行实证检验。研究发现：农户的农地流转意愿受偿价格和意愿支付价格差异与农地流转市场发育程度存在内在关联。在农地市场失灵状态下,高昂的农地交易成本、低水平的农地市场流转价格以及农户对农地的依赖均是导致意愿受偿价格和意愿支付价格差异形成的重要原因。农地流转市场发育能够有效降低农地流转的交易成本,提高农地市场化流转带来的收益,降低农户对农地的依赖,从而缩小农户的农地流转意愿价格差异,最终推动农地流转。异质性分析发现,现阶段在农户群体中占据主体地位的“满足口粮型”农户比“追求收入型”农户更容易受到农地流转市场发育程度的影响,农地流转市场发育将会显著缩小“满足口粮型”农户的农地流转意愿受偿价格和意愿支付价格差异。     

农地征收价格构成与土地增值的关系

研究目的:确定适用于社会主义市场经济条件下的农地征收价格构成及土地增值空间。研究方法:文献资料法和数理统计方法。研究结果:(1)以被征地方为研究对象,从产权和消费者行为理论角度,确定农地征收价格构成。(2)以政府为对象,进行农地转为建设用地的成本收益分析,确定土地增值空间。研究结论:(1)社会主义市场经济条件下,以农地为对象,不考虑“经济人”特点确定的农地征收价格是不完整的;(2)农地社会保障价格是农地征收价格的组成部分,其实质不是土地增值;(3)根据产权理论,政府正在逐渐还原农地征收价格。     

农地非农化的经济学分析

农地非农化是城市化和工业化发展的必然产物.在分析农地非农化实质的基础上,探讨了农地转用价格过低的原因,认为要充分考虑到农地的生态价值、社会价值、选择价值以及产权意义上的价值,把农地的正外部效应充分内化,修正扭曲的农地资源价格体系,在一定程度上可以抑制非农用地的数量.运用农地非农化土地一级市场的模型,认为存在农转非市场失灵,政府要在多目标决策的前提下进行干预,通过提高价格来降低农地市场供给曲线的弹性,从而起到控制农地非农化的数量.     

“以地生财”的秘诀

翻看近年来有关贪官的报道,成克杰、胡长清、慕绥新、马向东等等,几乎每个贪官都与土地开发中的腐败有关。据农业和国土资源方面的有关专家测算,改革开放以来,通过各种形式征用农地的价格“剪刀差”,从农民身上至少“拿走”近5万亿元。     

农地非农化的经济学分析

农地非农化是城市化和工业化发展的必然产物，本文在分析农地非农化实质的基础上，探讨了农地转用价格过低的原因，认为要充分考虑到农地的生态价值、社会价值、选择价值以及产权意义上的价值，把农地的正外部效应充分内化，修正扭曲的农地资源价格体系，在一定程度上可以抑制非农用地的数量。并且运用农地非农化土地一级市场的模型，认为存在农转非市场失灵，政府要在多目标决策的前提下进行干预，通过提高价格来降低农地市场供给曲线的弹性，从而起到控制农地非农化的数量。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.