清代两湖地区的玉米和甘薯

玉米和甘薯在明代中晚期即已传入我国,但两湖深居腹地,直到清初康熙年间才见种植。本文主要对两湖地区这两种作物的来源、推广和产区做了比较详细的探讨,指出(1).该区玉米具有多源融汇特征,但最早入境的是海路传播源;而甘薯湖南主要直接来自广东和福建,湖北则多从邻省辗转移来。(2).该区玉米和甘薯传入不相先后,大规模的迅速推广也都从人口压力显得严重的乾隆中期开始。(3).该区玉米主要产于西部山区,甘薯主要产于南部山区和东部山区;湖北玉米产区广于甘薯产区,湖南甘薯产区广于玉米产区,具有互补特征。     

论美洲粮食作物的传播

本文首先指出某种作物传入某国有几层意思.接着,用主要篇幅论述美洲三大粮食作物玉米、土豆、甘薯的被"发现"、传播和在世界各地的扩展;肯定欧洲人的传播之劳;认为它们在欧洲的传播一般经历了被收藏,在庭院试种供医药学家和植物学家研究,被误会和歧视,逐步进入餐桌和食槽等几个时期.本文也考释美洲粮食作物传入中国的路线、时间、方式和中国文献对它们的最初记载,厘清了一些比较重要的问题,提出了一些新看法.本文最后总结出美洲粮食作物所具有的许多优点,高度评价了美洲粮食作物的驯化、传播和进一步改良在人类历史上和世界范围内的重大意义和影响.     

甘薯的历史地理——甘薯的土生、传入、传播与人口

甘薯的悠久栽培历史至少可追溯到汉晋时代。所谓“中土有此物,其来旧矣,逮不甚贵重栽植者少”而未为世人所重,但自明万历传入甘薯的良种——番薯,并大量繁植后,甘薯(番薯)身价举世瞩目。明清时期尤其是清初以后人口剧增,“广济民食”的社会需要促使番薯的迅速播植和广布。今日甘薯已成为我国仅次于稻米、麦子、玉米而位居第四位粮食作物,产量占全世界番薯的83%。甘薯在我国粮食作物史上曾经寂寂无闻而在近代史上却喧赫一时的地位变化是有它深刻的历史和地理原因的。学术界、农学界传统的单一番薯传入说、否定我国甘薯“古已有之”的主张,不仅不符合我国已有的历史记载,也和我国滇、粤已有甘薯亲缘种属的发现相榷,不论从地理环境和社会历史的观察,我国南方存在与中美     

甘薯做饲料节本又增效

1．甘薯块根。1kg鲜甘薯相当于0．3kg玉米。所以甘薯是一种优良的多汁饲料，也是很好的能量饲料，各种家畜均喜食，最宜喂肉猪。方法是将其煮熟，     

徐玄扈《甘薯疏》辑校

前言徐公所说甘薯,就是今天的红薯(也叫红苕、朱薯、白薯、番薯、地瓜),这种原产于美洲的作物,于公元十六世纪八、九十年代(相当明代万历十年至二十一年)自广东、福建等地传入我国。甘薯栽培容易,产量又高、食用方便,很快就被推广种植,成为我国农民的重要粮食。“闽广人收薯以为粮”(《甘薯疏》),赖此以活。住日的“糠菜半年粮,”已变成“甘薯所在,居人便足半年之粮”(《甘薯疏》)。这对闽广农民的生活所起的作用是何等重大。不言而喻,研讨甘薯在我国出现和传播的历史,是中国农史研究中的重要课题之一。甘薯能够很快推广,徐玄扈先生与有重要功绩,是他最早把甘薯自福建引种到长江流     

历史时期四川凉山彝族地区主要农作物的种植与传播

目前对四川凉山彝族地区农作物的种植与传播历史的研究相对薄弱，本文针对历史时期四川凉山彝族地区主要农作物的种植及传播过程进行了探讨，认为历史时期主要农作物种植趋势是地域范围逐渐扩大，但过程相对缓慢；在粮食作物和经济作物两大类农作物中，粮食作物的种植与传播较经济作物更为广泛；清代是凉山彝族地区农作物结构发生较大变化的时期；外来作物在凉山各地始种时间有先后，不能笼统地界定其传入凉山的时间。     

中国粮食储备制度的历史沿革(八)——明朝时期

正在明代,农业作为经济主体与元朝相比,进步十分明显。明代人口增加,粮食供应日益紧张。为增加粮食产量,南方大力发展双季稻,部分地区还出现了三季稻。16世纪,原产于美洲的玉米,由闽粤引进,并逐渐推广到长江流域和云贵等地,到明末,北方已经有较大面积的播种。1世纪后期,甘薯由东南亚传入我国福建;17世纪初,甘薯又被引种到淞沪一带,后又推广到黄河流域。这些作物的引种,不仅使当时的土地利用率提高农民的生存能力得到增强,而且在农业结构得到调整的同时,也使粮食储备获得了更多的资源。     

"湖广填四川"社会经济与生态效应的地名学研究

地名中蕴藏着丰富的信息,它可以是时代的标志,是历史的见证,因此以地名为手段来研究"湖广填四川"不仅很有意义并且切实可行。四川地名中反映了清代"湖广填四川"移民动因、移民迁移定居、移民后农业垦殖以及手工业生产及社会经济的发展情况,同样也反映了生产活动与经济的发展对生态产生的负面影响。可以看出,这些沉积下来的地名信息,成为当时社会经济活动与生态效应的历史见证。     

辣椒在中国的选择性传播及其影响

辣椒是我国的重要蔬菜作物,早在明代末期就传入中国,但是关于其传播路线却未形成统一认识。本文通过分析认为辣椒最先登陆于浙江一带,而后传入到长江中上游和云贵高原地区,并逐渐形成重辣区。辣椒在我国的选择性传播受到经济、自然环境、群体迁移等多方面的影响,而辣椒的传入也对我国的经济、文化、种植制度等多方面造成了深远的影响。     

旧大陆小麦在新大陆的栽种及传播

小麦是一种古老的作物,人类很早就驯化及栽培这种植物。发展到今天,小麦已经是人类最主要的粮食作物。在哥伦布抵达美洲前,新大陆既无野生小麦,也无人工栽培小麦的痕迹。随着欧洲移民的到来,小麦才逐步传入美洲。在整个美洲,小麦被迅速推广,并成为人们的主食,用面粉做成的食物种类繁多,风味迥异,小麦产业也随之兴盛。旧大陆小麦传入新大陆不仅是农作物的传播,更是新旧大陆农业文明交流的结晶。     

国土资源科技进步与可持续发展

本文探讨了国土资源科技进步与可持续发展的关系 ,科技进步实现我国现阶段可持续发展的途径 ,对可持续发展的未来进行了展望 ,并提出了若干结论和建议。     

国土资源与可持续发展

今天 ,我向大家介绍一下我国国土资源的有关情况 ,并与大家一起学习中央关于国土资源管理的重要指示精神。我的介绍分为三个部分 :一是对国土资源重要地位和作用的认识 ;二是对国土资源面临严峻形势的分析 ;三是保护和合理利用国土资源的对策。一、国土资源的重要地位和作用自然资源包括土地资源、矿产资源、海洋资源、水资源、森林资源、草原资源、生物资源、气候资源、能源资源及自然景观旅游资源等十多种。社会生产离不开资源 ,无论生产创造的财富属于哪一个门类 ,其起始点都必定是自然资源。任何一个国家 ,其经济发展的规模、速度以及稳…     

保障抗震救灾粮油质量安全的实践与体会

<正>"5·12"特大地震,给四川省粮食系统造成了重大人员伤亡和巨额经济损失,全省21个市州、148个县(市、区)、618个企业遭受了不同程度的破坏和损失,造成的直接和间接经济损失达到140亿     

江苏省地质环境管理改革发展的目标与路径

江苏省现阶段的主要地质环境问题是由自然因素和人为因素造成和引发的。多年来,江苏省地质环境管理取得了很大成绩,但也存在不少问题。新时期加强地质环境管理要根据江苏省的实际,不断深化认识,健全法制,明确责任,突出重点,拓宽地质环境管理思路;要从政府、企业和社会三方面着手,构建保障社会科学发展的地质环境管理新机制,全面推进地质环境管理改革,为江苏省现代化建设"两个率先"的宏伟目标服务。     

Similarities and dissimilarities between the EU agricultural and rural development model and Romanian agriculture. Challenges and perspectives

The main aims of this study are to highlight the differences and the similarities between the European model of agricultural and rural development, and the state of play in the Romanian agricultural sector. Statistically speaking, the agricultural sector's indicators of the past two decades place Romania outside the family picture of the EU countries, with very slight resemblances, and very strong discrepancies between their economic, technical, and institutional characteristics. At present, competition-wise, farming and farmers in Romania are still strongly disfavoured in relation to their competitors in the old EU Member States. In Romania, the economic and institutional mechanisms have most often been devised to the disadvantage of agricultural production, by claiming that subsistence farming would be the sustainable way, and by channelling the added value to other sectors. An option to continue the agricultural policies of the past decades and to abandon the national support lent to agriculture would be particularly risky through its unpredictable and incalculable social and economic effects.     

Land use planning and health and well-being

This paper is concerned with the relationship between the planning of settlements and health. It gives a brief introduction to the issues before summarising the evidence in relation to a range of topics, concluding with some more speculative thoughts on likely future findings.Modern planning was invented in response to inhumane living conditions in 19th century cities. But in the last century the connection was lost. Only now, with concerns over climate change and obesity, is there beginning to be the realisation that the physical environment is an important determinant of health.The paper uses a particular model of this relationship based on eco-system and health determinants theories to structure the review of evidence. The review covers: lifestyle choices in relation to physical activity and diet, mental well-being and community, the local economy and income, health inequalities and strategic land use transport planning, pollution and urban form, and finally impacts on global ecology.There is now a growing consensus that while personal factors are critical in determining health, the urban environment exacerbates or mitigates health and well-being outcomes.The level of active travel (walking and cycling) and outdoor recreational activity is strongly affected by accessibility to local facilities. Access to green, natural environments, and to local social networks, are factors in mental well-being. The wider sub-regional pattern of housing, economic development, land use and transport is a determinant of social exclusion and therefore health inequalities. It also affects health-damaging pollution, adaptability in the face of climate change and the level of carbon dioxide emissions.We have literally been building unhealthy conditions into many of our towns and cities. But comparisons with the best cities in Europe indicate that it is possible to reverse the less desirable trends. Success depends, however, on more radical policies of local authority control over land and finance than any political party has yet advocated. It also requires collaboration between the full range of powerful public and private organizations that influence the built environment.Future research is likely to further strengthen these conclusions. It will become much more obvious that planning for health and well-being is not only the NHS, but about creating a health-promoting physical, social and economic environment.     

Technical and Organizational Change and Economies of Scale and Scope in Developing Countries

This article examines the impact of flexible automation (FA) and associated organizational techniques on scale and scope economies and optimal scale. It is based on an in-depth survey of 62 engineering firms in Brazil, India, Mexico, Thailand, Turkey and Venezuela. The paper finds that the replacement of old, mainly conventional, machine tools and transfer lines by new computer-numerically-controlled machine tools and related FA has resulted in lower economical batch sizes and the manufacturing of growing variety, making it possible to reap economies of scope. Scale and scope economies at product level have, however, reinforced scale economies at plant level, resulting in higher levels of optimal output. The main factors accounting for such impact are the reduction in the number of operations required, the improved efficiency and accuracy of the new technologies and the much higher capital fixed costs vis-a ¤ -vis the technologies that were replaced. Higher plant scales could limit the potential for industrialization in developing countries.