论生态城市建设中发展都市农业的必要性

建设生态城市是人们追求的共同目标,低碳、节能、环保成为区域各项产业可持续发展的基本要求。都市农业作为高效、节能、高技术、可持续的新兴产业与生态城市建设相结合,是区域生态环境与社会经济协调发展的必然选择。文章首先介绍了生态城市的内涵和意义;另一方面,对都市农业的内涵和功能也进行了梳理,在此基础上分析了建设生态城市与发展都市农业之间的相互关系。指出了生态城市建设中发展都市农业的必要性,即两者相结合的价值与意义:都市农业的发展有助于调控城市的非理性扩张和蔓延,是城市可持续发展和彰显城市特色的重要手段和方法。最后,文章提出了在生态城市建设中发展都市农业的几点思考与建议。指出生态城市建设中发展都市农业的实现路径主要包括:一是对都市农业发展合理布局、科学规划,在生态城市建设中打造都市农业品牌,以农产品基地形成规模经济;二是相关部门实现联动,共同实施建设生态城市都市农业。     

经济欠发达地区生态安全建设思考--以湖南西部为例

湖南省西部地区经济发展水平较低，但生态区位极为重要，它的生态安全直接关系到沅、澧水流域和洞庭湖区的安危以及该区经济社会的持续发展；分析了该区生态安全的特点和发展态势，提出为实现生态安全，应从自然资源合理利用、保护等多方面着手，采取综合对策措施。要实行科学规划，综合治理生态环境；加快农业结构调整，构建绿色经济特色；加强林业建设，构建绿色生态屏障；进行生态分区建设和发展壮大生态旅游业；加强全民生态安全意识。     

我国农业生态文明水平评价及空间分异研究

农业生态文明是我国生态文明建设的重要组成部分。本文从分析农业生态文明的影响因素入手,从经济发展、资源利用、生态环境、社会科技四个方面构建了农业生态文明指数评价指标体系,并运用该指标体系对我国2013年各省份农业生态文明指数进行了评价和空间分异特征分析表明,我国各省份农业生态文明水平总体偏低,且呈现出较明显的空间分异特征。在生态文明建设背景下推进农业现代化,应牢固树立生态文明理念,坚持因地制宜、分区施策、梯次推进的原则,针对不同区域农业生态文明建设存在的问题,确定农业现代化发展方向和重点,优化农业发展格局。     

全面提升生态林业和民生林业发展水平为建设生态文明和美丽中国贡献力量

科学分析了我国林业建设的新形势,从四方面深刻阐述了大力推进生态文明建设的战略意义。提出林业在生态文明建设中应担当保护自然生态系统、实施重大生态修复工程、构建生态安全格局、推进绿色发展、建设美丽中国、为应对全球气候变化作贡献的六大职责;提出要科学谋划林业工作总体思路,着力构建推进生态文明建设六大体系;提出要抓好五方面重点工作,努力完成发展生态林业和民生林业总任务,努力实现建设生态文明的总目标。     

复合生态系统视域下生态涵养区建设对策研究——以冀西北地区为例

运用复合生态系统理论分析冀西北地区生态涵养区建设现状发现:自然系统中气候、土壤、水资源等因素在一定程度上不利于生产者生存发展,消费者与生产者之间能量流动不平衡;经济系统中循环经济模式发展水平低和产业结构不合理;社会系统中缺乏生态规划,体制机制不健全。冀西北生态涵养区未来发展,应保证自然系统得到优化并充分发挥生态功能;环境友好型经济长足发展;生态文明建设政策和法律、法规体系完善。这需要在生态调查的基础上科学开展生态评价,因地制宜制定冀西北生态功能区划,将该区分为坝上草原农牧生态区、冀北山地农业生态区、冀西北山地森林生态区、冀西北黄土丘陵农业生态区等一级生态区,以及若干二、三级生态区。并通过建立沟通协调机制、资金投入与使用机制、生态补偿机制、生态教育机制加以保障实施。选择坚守生态红线,开展环境综合整治,积极发展现代农林牧业,大力推进现代旅游业和高新技术产业和清洁能源产业,稳妥推进城镇化进程等路径实现生态涵养区建设目标。     

划分辽宁省农业经济区的初步设想

划分农业经济区的主要任务,是调查研究农业经济资源、条件及社会发展所形成的农业结构和农业生产力布局在地域上的状况,运用归纳相似性和区分差异性的区划方法,划分各具特色的农业经济区。着重研究不同农业经济区如何扬长避短,发挥优势,为繁荣农村经济、建设农业现代化,实现农业翻番服务;为研究不同经济区的农业发展战略、编制农业区域性规划及制订与贯彻各项经济政策提供资料和科学依据。根据区划任务的要求,本区划的指导思想是:第一,科学分区是区划的主要内容;第     

鄱阳湖生态经济区主体功能分区研究

研究目的：对鄱阳湖生态经济区划进行主体功能分区为建设“环鄱阳湖生态经济区”、引导空间开发秩序和均衡发展提供决策支持。研究方法：根据《国务院关于编制全国主体功能区规划的意见》所确定的基本原则和方法，利用资源环境承载能力、现有开发密度和发展潜力三个指标，采用因子分析法和聚类分析法。研究结果与结论：将鄱阳湖生态经济区29个基本单元区划为优化开发区、重点开发区、限制开发区和禁止开发区。政府应根据区划结果制定和实施相应的政策，使鄱阳湖生态经济区内社会经济发展与生态环境保护和谐。     

省级国土空间“三生”功能评价及其分区研究——以河南省为例

研究目的:准确评价省级国土空间"三生"功能特征,并在保证空间邻接性和区域完整性前提下实现功能分区,为国土空间规划编制提供支撑。研究方法:GIS空间评价法与两维图论聚类算法。研究结果:豫中、豫中北和豫东地区的国土空间生产和生活功能值偏高,但生态功能偏弱,豫西和豫南地区生态条件较好,生态功能值高,但生产和生活条件较差;河南省国土空间可划分为8个功能区,Ⅰ区和Ⅶ区应注重生产与生活功能的同步发展,Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区应有所侧重地利用与维持生态功能,Ⅴ区和Ⅵ区应分别以农业和工矿生产功能发展为导向,促进国土空间功能的综合协调发展。研究结论:两维图论聚类算法能够解决传统分区难以保证空间邻接性和行政完整性问题,同时分区因子明确、分区方法简洁清晰,易被推广,在省级国土空间功能分区中具有较好的应用前景。     

福建现代农业主体功能区划研究

该文首先从农产品供给功能、农业社会功能、农业文化功能、农业生态功能等4个方面对福建农业功能进行评价;根据农业功能评价结果,将福建划分为3个农业功能分区,描述了各个功能分区的特征;提出福建海西现代农业可持续发展的政策建议。     

基于SWOT分析的重点生态功能区农业可持续发展路径研究——以浙江省为例

主体功能区制度背景下,实现农业可持续发展是重点生态功能区建设的现实命题,而目前国内学者专门针对重点生态功能区现代农业发展的研究尚不多见。农业在浙江重点生态功能区社会经济建设中发挥着重要作用,但存在着经营方式粗放、资源利用水平不高以及农业面源污染风险加剧等问题。重点生态功能区发展可持续农业,具有区位条件优越、资源优势独特、生态环境优良的优势,但也存在耕地资源匮乏、水土流失严重、基础设施薄弱、科技推广困难的劣势,同时面临政策、市场、主体等方面的机遇以及资源空间压缩、劳动力资源流失的挑战。应从可持续农业的"发展"和"限制"准则出发,发展节约型农业,提高资源利用效率;发展生态循环农业,保护农业生态环境;培育绿色精品农业,提升农产品附加值;打造休闲观光农业,推动乡村经济发展;并实施一系列保障措施,实现重点生态功能区农业可持续发展。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.