重庆市江津区经济发展与土地利用结构变化互动关系研究

以重庆市江津区为例,就其经济发展与土地利用结构变化之间的相关性做出分析,并用主成份分析法得出土地利用结构变化的主要驱动力是社会经济增长、农业产出和林业产值.经济发展对土地利用结构的影响具体表现为:建设用地尤其是城镇工矿用地增长过快、农用地尤其是耕地面积下降迅速、林业用地面积在不断增长.     

大城市边缘区土地利用变化与社会经济发展关系分析——以北京市平谷区为例

大城市边缘区是城市化最敏感、变化最大、最迅速的地区,也是土地利用变化最显著的地区,研究大城市边缘区土地利用变化时空过程及其驱动机制,对实现大城市自身可持续发展具有重要意义。该文采用数理统计与综合分析方法,对北京市平谷区土地利用动态变化及其与GDP、产业结构、消费结构、城镇化以及人口等社会经济发展因素的关系进行了分析。研究结果表明:1996~2004年,平谷区农用地面积持续减少,其中耕地减少较多,园地增长速度较快,林地略有减少。建设用地持续增加,其中交通用地增长速度最快。平谷区的土地利用变化与经济增长、产业升级、城镇化发展、消费结构变化以及人口增长具有显著的相关性,社会经济发展是土地利用变化的主要驱动因素。节约集约土地,提高土地利用效率,调整土地利用结构,促进产业优化升级,保障服务首都北京功能和平谷区域社会经济发展成为平谷区土地利用的必然要求。     

黑龙江省土地利用结构变化的驱动力分析

采用1996—2008年黑龙江省土地利用变更调查数据，分析了黑龙江省土地利用结构现状及动态变化，研究发现黑龙江省农用地和未利用及其他用地面积处于减少趋势，建设用地处于增加的状态；随土地利用结构变化与人文驱动力因子呈线性的定量关系，人口增长及聚集、经济发展、快速城镇化、技术进步是黑龙江省土地利用结构变化的重要人文驱动力。     

重庆市黔江区土地利用变化及其驱动力分析

利用重庆市黔江区1996-2005年土地利用变化数据,分析了该区土地利用变化的基本特点,即居民点及工矿用地、交通用地、林地面积大量增加;耕地、园地、其他农用地、未利用地面积大量减少.并运用SPSS软件分析了影响土地利用变化的主导因素,认为人口增长、经济发展、城镇化与工业化、土地政策是导致黔江区土地利用变化的主要因素.     

1990—2015年海河流域土地利用时空变化特征及驱动机制研究

［目的］海河流域是我国社会经济发展最为活跃地区之一，在国家经济发展中具有重要战略地位。通过研究海河流域土地利用时空变化特征及驱动机制，为优化海河流域土地利用规划和土地资源管理提供科学依据。［方法］利用ArcGIS和SPSS软件等工具，通过空间分析、相关分析和主成分分析等方法，应用土地利用转移矩阵并结合经济社会和自然驱动因子，探索了1990—2015年海河流域土地利用时空变化特征和驱动机制。［结果］（1）1990—2015年海河流域的主要土地利用类型为耕地、林地、草地，其中建设用地面积变化最为显著，变化率达到3683%； 面积占有率由667%上升到913%。（2）1990—2000年林地、草地、建设用地、未利用地、耕地变化显著， 2000年之后变化幅度减小。不同时间段内，海河流域各种土地利用变化速度基本上具有一致性。（3）从空间上看，北京市的建设用地由中心向外扩张，渤海湾沿岸建设用地扩张明显。草地、未利用土地和耕地面积均呈下降趋势，其中未利用地减少幅度最大，面积下降了1607%。（4）1990—2015年耕地是转出面积最多的土地利用类型，主要转出为建设用地、林地。（5）从驱动机制来看，导致海河流域土地利用方式和目的变化的主要驱动因素为社会经济发展（GDP）、人口增长，其次为气候变化，主要是降水和温度的变化。［结论］1990—2015年该流域社会经济快速发展和城市化进程导致了土地利用类型的显著变化。国家施行的经济、生态政策对海河流域土地利用变化造成一定影响。该时期土地利用变化格局是人类活动和气候变化共同影响的结果。     

土地利用结构变化及人文驱动力分析——以甘肃省为例

区域土地利用结构状况与区域社会经济发展水平之间有密切关系，因此，土地利用结构变化与社会经济因子的驱动力作用必然具有内在的相关性；基于1997-2005年甘肃省土地利用变化的普查数据与社会经济统计资料，建立了土地利用结构与相关人文因子的数据库，通过建立多元回归模型揭示了土地利用结构空间分布及其变化与人文因子的定量关系，从中筛选出影响土地利用类型结构变动的主导人文驱动因子；研究表明：人口增长、经济发展、技术进步以及土地集约利用措施，在土地利用类型变化中均发挥着重要作用。     

烟台市经济发展对土地利用的影响初探

经济发展和土地利用的关系相当密切，经济发展，必然会对土地利用类型和土地利用格局产生影Ⅱ向。通过分析烟台市从1997年到2006年市域经济发展和各类用地变化结果表明，随着经济的发展，烟台市农用地总体呈减少趋势，但菜地和果园面积却呈增加趋势，建设用地则总体呈增加趋势。论述了烟台市经济发展对土地利用的影响，分析了这类情况的形成原因。为促进经济可持续发展和土地的合理利用，提出了相关措施。     

土地利用结构、经济发展与土地碳排放影响效应研究——以乌鲁木齐市为例

[目的]在测算乌鲁木齐市土地利用碳排放的基础上,分析其土地利用结构、经济发展与土地碳排放间的关联效应,为乌鲁木齐市低碳土地利用提供参考。[方法]改进型灰色关联度模型、环境EKC模型。[结果](1)土地利用净碳排放总量递增趋势,净碳放量的持续上升显著地受建设用地碳排放增长的影响;(2)不同地类结构变化对土地利用碳排放影响效应呈现不同特点,建设用地对碳排放影响效应呈下降趋势,而耕地则在上升;(3)经济发展促进了碳排放增长,但在2014~2015年之间达到拐点,验证了环境库兹涅兹曲线的存在。[结论](1)推动增汇减排工作,抑制农用地转用,增加陆地生态碳吸收量;(2)发展低碳经济,提高能源利用效率和改善能源利用结构,降低建设用地碳排放;(3)深入推行"多规合一",提高土地利用宏观调控效率和低碳生态城市建设。     

甘肃省土地利用分析

土地利用和土地利用变化反映了社会经济发展状况和人类利用土地的方向及价值取向；分析了甘肃省土地功能特点，利用1km栅格数据分析了甘肃省1995年至2000年的土地利用变化，得出了甘肃省城镇农村居民点和交通用地增长迅速，甘肃省各地市土地利用变化区域差异较大的结论；提出了提高甘肃省土地经济功能和生态功能的着眼点．     

重庆市土地利用与经济发展耦合关系分析

利用重庆市1996-2005 年数据,从耕地、建设用地的变化及其与经济发展的相互关系角度探讨土地利用与经济发展之间的耦合关系.分析表明:①重庆市地区生产总值、一产产值均与耕地面积变化呈显著负相关;②地区生产总值、非农增加值与建设用地面积耦合关系均呈极显著正相关;③重庆市固定资产投资与建设用地面积之间相关性达极显著水平;④土地利用与经济发展耦合关系只是历史上某一时期区域经济增长方式的表征之一,是土地利用集约和节约的水平的一种表现.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.