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1.
The agricultural sector contributes 9% towards total UK greenhouse gas emissions and so may offer significant potential as a sector to help meet national and international emission reduction targets. In order to help farmers manage their emissions and to encourage more sustainable farming, several carbon accounting tools are now available. This article describes a short study that selected five suitable tools and compared their performance on nine European arable farms, concentrating on the crop production components, to determine how useful they are for assisting in the development of site-specific mitigation strategies and how well they would perform within farm assurance or benchmarking schemes. The results were mixed, with some tools better designed for identifying mitigation opportunities than others. The results also showed that, quantitatively, the results are highly variable between tools and depended on the selected functional unit, this being highly important if the wider aspects of sustainability such as food security are to be considered. However, there is statistical consistency across the tools regarding the ranking order of the farms in terms of their emissions. 相似文献
2.
Virgil Eldon Ball Carlos San Juan Mesonada Carlos Sunyer Manteiga Kennet Ericson Yu Sheng 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2023,67(1):18-37
We examine whether countries with low initial levels of agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) tend to ‘catch up’ with the technology leaders. We first compare relative levels of agricultural TFP, capital services and labour input levels in agriculture for 17 OECD countries between 1973 and 2011. Then we apply (conditional) convergence analysis to the panel data to examine the speed of convergence and test whether the convergence is transitory or permanent by analysing TFP changes over the business cycle. Capital intensities, quality improvement of capital, factors such as human capital spillovers, and certain agricultural policies are conditioning variables. We examine how differences in relative capital intensities affect agricultural productivity convergence over the business cycle. We find evidence that the speed of convergence increases during periods of contraction in economic activity. 相似文献
3.
通过对外商直接投资的纵向与横向分析,揭示了改革开放以来中国外商直接投资的时空差异:外商直接投资总体呈持续增长状态。可以分为4个阶段;空间分布高度集中,但随着时间推移,由沿海向内陆、由南向北转移,集中程度减弱,但东部仍是外商投资的首选地区。 相似文献
4.
Shauna Phillips Fredoun Z. Ahmadi‐Esfahani 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2008,52(4):505-525
Over the past decades, growth in foreign direct investment (FDI) has stimulated significant attempts at developing theories that explain this trend. One line of this research explores the relationship between exchange rates and FDI. There is no consensus about the nature of this relationship in either the theoretical or empirical work. In this article, we critically appraise this body of work, and find the theoretical studies to be making ground in exploring the complexities of FDI, but the empirical evidence to be constrained by data problems. 相似文献
5.
对外资水务企业在我国直接投资的发展阶段进行研究,认为外资水务企业在我国的直接投资大致经历了初期、扩张与撤退并存、停滞与渗透并存3个阶段;探讨了外资水务企业进入我国市场带来的主要问题,即:水务产业安全、与我国水务企业的竞争加剧、公众利益保护等。最后提出解决以上问题的方案:根据水务产业的特征将水务产业链细分成自然垄断环节和非自然垄断环节,对自然垄断环节进行严格的管制,而非自然垄断环节,可以适度引入竞争机制;通过示范效应和人才流动学习外资水务企业先进的管理经营和技术,构建我国水务企业的竞争优势;提高公众和企业的参与度,加强对外资水务企业的监督管理。 相似文献
6.
The dairy industry is receiving considerable attention in relation to both its significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and its potential for reducing those emissions, contributing towards meeting national targets and driving the industry towards sustainable intensification. However, the extent to which improvements can be made is dependent on the decision-making processes of individual producers, so there has been a proliferation of carbon accounting tools seeking to influence those processes. This paper evaluates the suitability of such tools for driving environmental change by influencing on-farm management decisions. Seven tools suitable for the European dairy industry were identified, their characteristics evaluated, and used to process data relating to six scenario farms, emulating processes undertaken in real farm management situations. As a result of the range of approaches taken by the tools, there was limited agreement between them as to GHG emissions magnitude, and no consistent pattern as to which tools resulted in the highest/lowest results. Despite this it is argued, that as there was agreement as to the farm activities responsible for the greatest emissions, the more complex tools were still capable of performing a ‘decision support’ role, and guiding management decisions, whilst others could merely focus attention on key issues. 相似文献
7.
We compare environmental impacts associated with incoming foreign direct investment vs. domestic capital in China. We use aggregate data on Chinese provinces’ economic and pollution indicators to explore the effects of the financial origin of fixed capital. Our simultaneous models consider three prime channels through which these effects work: economic scale, sectoral composition and pollution intensity. Results show that emissions associated with foreign‐financed capital are lower than with domestically financed capital for some but not all of the considered types of pollution. 相似文献
8.
Expropriations of foreign direct investment in developing countries are typically blamed on political and economic crises in those countries. Developing a new database of expropriations in the minerals sectors of developing country exporters, I show that expropriations were correlated with mineral price booms and that democratic governments were more likely to expropriate. No link is found between expropriations and political or economic crises, except at independence. A better explanation of expropriation would be opportunistic behaviour by host governments when profits of investments are high. In two developed countries, Australia and Canada, expropri‐ations are also found to occur during price booms. 相似文献
9.
Effects of EU dairy policy reform for Dutch dairy farming: a primal approach using GMM estimation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper estimates a production function for milk using ageneralised method of moments estimator to avoid the endogeneityproblem. Using the first-order conditions for profit maximisation,the economic effects for individual Dutch dairy farms of the2003 EU dairy policy reform are analysed. With an expected milkprice decrease of 21 per cent, profit decreases on average by22 per cent. EU direct payments compensate for roughly 53 percent of this fall in profit. The profit reduction means that69 per cent of all small farms have negative income from farming,compared with 15 per cent in the initial situation. 相似文献
10.
目的 农业作为保障国家粮食安全和生态安全的基础性产业,在推动我国实现“碳达峰与碳中和”目标中将起到至关重要的作用。农业温室气体减排和农田土壤固碳是实现农业碳中和的重要途径,但在国家整体“双碳”目标实现过程中,农业碳达峰、助力碳中和应该主要解决什么问题,以便能够更好地纳入国家总体布局中;在实施过程中需要注意哪些全局性和方向性的问题目前尚不清晰。方法 文章对目前农业固碳减排研究的成果进行了系统的梳理、总结和凝练,针对我国不同阶段农业固碳减排在“双碳”目标实现中所需解决的科学问题和技术难题提出相应建议。结果 明确了“双碳”目标实现过程中,不同阶段农业固碳减排需关注和解决的三大关系(固碳减排与生产力稳定性之间的协同关系、土壤固碳与温室气体减排之间的协同关系、温室气体与污染物协同减排的关系),并在系统监测、碳贸易方法学、构建人才队伍等方面提出了未来发展的方向及建议。结论 为科学控制我国农业温室气体排放、发展低碳绿色农业提供参考依据,以期为实现我国“碳中和”目标贡献农业力量。 相似文献
11.
林业企业对外投资研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
信息经济时代,林业企业学习能力的高低是获取对外投资竞争优势的关键。通过学习能力、学习质量的提高,解决人力资源、跨文化管理、单个企业竞争力低下等问题。 相似文献
12.
孙英男 《中国国土资源经济》2001,14(12):5-9
文章对外商直接投资我国矿业的重要意义进行了全面论述,进而又分析了当前影响外商直接投资矿业的种种障碍,最后提出了克服这些障碍的三大举措. 相似文献
13.
目的 探究现阶段中国对外农业投资对东道国的生态效应,对于回应中国践行国际合作的绿色投资之路至关重要。方法 文章基于2016— 2020年中国对71个国家农业直接投资的面板数据,利用扩展的环境库兹涅茨曲线模型揭示了中国对外农业直接投资对东道国农业碳排放的影响,并考察东道国能源结构在其中的中介机制。结果 (1)当前,中国对外农业直接投资对东道国农业碳排放的影响呈“U”型关系,中国对外农业直接投资较小时对东道国农业碳排放发挥抑制作用,当投资规模越过阈值时则发挥促进作用,这一结论打破了西方媒体长期抹黑中国对外农业投资是“制造污染”的谬论,深刻回应了中国一直以来践行互利共赢的绿色贸易之路的事实;(2)异质性分析表明,这种“U”型关系在农业生产规模较小的国家更明显;分位数回归发现,随着东道国农业碳排放强度的增加,投资活动对东道国发挥农业碳减排效应的阈值提前到来;(3)东道国能源结构在中国对外农业直接投资与东道国农业碳排放的影响关系中发挥主要中介作用,中国对外农业投资的绿色技术溢出加快了东道国能源结构的转变进而影响东道国的农业碳排放强度。结论 中国对外农业直接投资对东道国农业碳减排效应明显,绿色投资现象是存在的。但受到投资规模的影响,不同投资规模下兼具发挥抑制与促进两方面的作用。 相似文献
14.
Caroline Saunders Anita Wreford Selim Cagatay 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2006,50(4):538-555
The link between trade and the environment has aroused considerable interest both in terms of the impact of trade liberalisation on the environment, and also the impact of environmental policy on production and trade. Of key environmental concern at present is global warming and its association with greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture is a sector of the economy that both contributes to, and will be affected by, climate change. This paper models the impact of agricultural trade liberalisation on greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture around the world, focusing particularly on the effects on New Zealand, a small economy highly dependent on agricultural trade. A partial equilibrium agricultural multicountry, multicommodity trade model is used for the analysis, extended to include physical production systems and their greenhouse gas emissions. Two simulations are performed: removal of agricultural policies in the EU and in all OECD countries. The results indicate that although producer returns in New Zealand increase, greenhouse gas emissions also increase significantly. EU producers face lower returns but also lower greenhouse gas emissions. 相似文献
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16.
对企业碳排放权会计处理进行研究,采用案例分析法,理论研究与调查研究相结合,发现会计的确认、计量、记录和信息披露方面存在问题,以Y公司为案例,提出了分别确认交易性碳排放权和自用性碳排放权,免费配额确认为政府补助,实际排放时即确认负债,出售配额所得计入营业外收入,完善信息披露的对策。 相似文献
17.
以2005—2017年中国对俄罗斯的FDI数据为样本,建立多元回归模型,实证分析了影响中国林业企业对俄直接投资的经济、资源、制度因素。结果表明:提高中俄贸易关系紧密度和人民币对卢布汇率能够促进中俄两国的林业投资合作,俄罗斯森林资源禀赋和原木产量的提高推动着中国林业企业在俄罗斯开展直接投资,中俄两国的法律制度差异、话语权和问责差异与中国林业企业对俄罗斯的FDI流量为负相关,然而两国的腐败遏制差异、政府效率差异对于中国林业企业在俄罗斯开展直接投资有着显著的正向影响。因此,应加强中俄两国政府的政策沟通和经济合作,有效规避汇率风险;增加中国的人工林培育面积;积极完善俄罗斯的制度质量,降低中国林业企业在俄罗斯的投资成本。 相似文献
18.
The carbon footprints of food crop production 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
《国际农业可持续发展杂志》2013,11(2):107-118
The agriculture sector contributes significantly to global carbon emissions from diverse sources such as product and machinery manufacture, transport of materials and direct and indirect soil greenhouse gas emissions. In this article, we use farm survey data from the east of Scotland combined with published estimates of emissions for individual farm operations to quantify the relative contribution of a range of farming operations and determine the carbon footprint of different crops (e.g. legumes, winter and spring cereals, oilseed rape, potato) and farming practices (conventional, integrated and organic). Over all crops and farm types, 75% of the total emissions result from nitrogen fertilizer use (both organic and inorganic)—from production, application, and direct nitrous oxide emissions from the soil resulting from application. Once nitrogen is accounted for, there are no major differences between organic, integrated or conventional farming practices. These data highlight opportunities for carbon mitigation and will be of value for inclusion in full life cycle analyses of arable production systems and in calculations of greenhouse gas balance associated with land-use change. 相似文献
19.
邵伟 《中国国土资源经济》2004,17(7):7-9,6
文章就外商投资非油气矿产资源勘探中的投资定位、主体、国家审核程序、经营期限、出资、外国投资者退出、外国投资者回报等方面的法律问题作了探讨。指出现行外商投资法中的一些不明确或不适应矿产勘探的问题 ,为解决此类问题 ,文章提出了从五个方面针对外商投资非油气矿产勘探 ,对现行外商投资法律法规进行改进 相似文献
20.
Junyan Tian 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2023,74(3):702-718
Although past studies have separately explored the direct impact of agriculture official development assistance (ODA) and foreign development investment (FDI) on agricultural production, the nexus between these two elements is often neglected. This article aims to understand the linkage between agricultural ODA and FDI, using data from 63 developing countries from 1991 to 2019. Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood estimations reveal that agricultural ODA considerably promotes FDI in the agriculture, fishery and forestry sectors (FDI_aff) by approximately 0.5%, while its impact on FDI in the food, beverages and tobacco industries (FDI_fbt) is overall insignificant. Geographical and ecological conditions play a decisive role in accounting for FDI in agriculture. While coastal and land-rich countries receive a significantly higher amount of FDI_aff and FDI_fbt, tropical countries are evidently more attractive destinations for FDI_fbt. The empirical analysis also shows that a peaceful social environment encourages FDI_aff. Well-established legal systems and reductions in corruption facilitate FDI_aff, whereas the impact of overall institutional quality on agricultural FDI is insignificant. Results suggest that donors prioritise agricultural initiatives with higher positive spillover effects, such as programmes supporting food crop production and agricultural research. 相似文献