济宁市地下水资源开发利用问题及对策

在济宁市．地下水是主要供水水源．该市地下水总体开采程度高．区域开采不平衡．出现了地面沉降、地裂缝、水质污染及土壤盐碱化等问题。提出了如下对策：加强科学研究和管理;调整地表水与地下水利用比率;从农业、工业和生活3方面．通过宣传、法规、技术和经济手段．立志节约用水;保护水源．防治污染。     

尾矿植被法治理初探

尾矿作为矿业废弃物,被堆放在尾矿库内．对周围环境造成很大的污染．停用的尾矿库必须进行治理：在几种治理方法中．植被法是一种较为理想的方法．符合我国的国情：主要讨论了利用植被法治理尾矿的具体措施．包括尾矿基质的改良、耐性物种的选择和管理措施的选择等。     

新手养殖肉鸽八注意

<正>鸽子的祖先是野生原鸽,肉鸽是人们经过长期选育而形成的品种。其特点是:体型大、营养丰富、药用价值高,是高级滋补营养品。肉鸽个体较小,对外界环境非常敏感,如不注意,容易发生死亡,影响成活率。选用良种:选择美国白王鸽、泰国银王鸽、香港王鸽、深圳王鸽、蒙丹鸽、贺姆鸽、卡奴鸽、鸾鸽等优良肉鸽品种,使其养殖增效。选好鸽舍:应选择在没有病菌和"三废"污染、地势较高、排水良好、背风向阳、远离闹市区的地方建鸽场。鸽舍要采用砖木或土木结构,要干燥清洁,空气清新,光照、通风良好。     

燃煤电厂干式贮灰场防渗设计探讨

干式贮灰场可能引起的环保问题主要有对地下水、地表水、扬尘、噪声等,其中对地下水的影响往往更严重。对干式贮灰场进行防渗处理,是避免污染地下水环境,达到环保标准的重要方法。以此为思路,探讨了灰场可能污染方式、干灰场防渗的规定、作法,并对扩建灰场的防渗问题进行了深入探讨。     

黄淮海平原地下水危机下的耕地资源可持续利用

研究目的：基于多数据源计算黄淮海平原地下水位平均下降速度,揭示该地区地下水快速下降机理,提出水资源限制下的耕地可持续利用对策。研究方法：根据收集的黄淮海平原266个地下水位下降速度样本点和5个典型城市地下水位长期监测点,由克里格插值得到区域地下水位平均下降速度,并采用空间分析的方法叠加2012年耕地分布图,分析不同地下水下降速度在9个子生态区对应的耕地分布情况。研究结果：1980年以来,黄淮海平原地下水以浅层0.46±0.37 m/年,深层1.14±0.58 m/年的速度下降,成为世界上面积最大的地下水漏斗区。造成地下水快速下降的主要原因是区域粮食增产和一年两熟种植制度下小麦播种面积的增加导致的大面积、高强度的井灌方式。根据地下水资源危机程度,将黄淮海平原划分为休养调整区、强度降低区、生态保护区和潜力提升区4个耕地利用调整区划。研究结论：黄淮海平原高集约高投入的耕地利用方式不可持续,在区域地下水危机的情况下,应降低超采区的耕地利用强度,同时提升潜力区的耕地生产潜力,实现耕地生产、生态质量协同提升,在保障粮食安全和生态安全的前提下实现耕地资源可持续利用。     

保水采煤是神府东胜煤田开发可持续发展的关键

神府东胜煤田水资源贫乏，生态环境脆弱，区内唯一可供利用的浅层地下水会受采煤影响而被破坏或被污染。煤田开发必须在保护浅层地下水的前提下进行，从而不断改善区内生态环境，促进区域经济健康发展。     

我国煤矸石综合利用现状及对策研究

煤矸石综合利用对于节约集约利用资源、倡导绿色简约生活具有重要的现实意义。文章分析了煤矸石大量堆放对环境的危害、综合利用政策及现状,指出现阶段煤矸石综合利用存在法规政策体系不健全、基础研究薄弱、技术水平落后、缺乏资金保障、宣传推广工作不到位等问题,提出了加强顶层设计、加强基础研究、鼓励科技创新、完善优惠政策、建立示范基地等具体对策建议。     

基于产能核算和土地质量地球化学评估的县域基本农田布局研究

研究目的：补充完善县域基本农田布局方法。研究方法：从耕地产能、利用条件、土壤有益元素质量和土壤环境质量等4个层面分别构建指标体系，利用叠图法将4种评价结果进行整合，同时以优先保护产能高和土壤有益元素丰富的耕地，禁止重金属污染的耕地划入基本农田为原则，综合确定基本农田布局类型。研究结果：（1）云霄县耕地划分为优先划定型、基础保护型、重点整治型和不宜划入型4种类型。（2）优先划定型、基础保护型和重点整治型耕地是云霄县粮食生产的主力军，同时其土壤环境质量较好，并包含土壤有益元素丰富和适中的耕地638.04 hm2和8663.28 hm2，是基本农田布局的主要区域。研究结论：整合方法补充完善了县域基本农田布局方法，为指导耕地保护从“数量”保护向“数量与质量”并重保护转变提供了参考。     

淮河流域山东段地下水质量评价

通过调查淮河流域山东段地下水污染现状,参照国家有关标准,采用单项指标评价法和内梅罗指数法,根据地下水区域分布特征和变化规律,并参考水质分析结果,选取了27项水质评价因子,对该区域浅层地下水上层水质、浅层地下水下层水质和深层地下水水质进行评价。评价结果显示:该区域地下水水质总体较差,大部分为Ⅳ类水质。然后对该区域的地下水污染进行评价,根据评价结果,针对该区域的水质问题提出相应的建议和改善水质的措施,为该区域的社会、经济的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

基于复合指数法的土壤重金属污染评价

土壤重金属污染评价是土壤重金属污染防治的重要依据。常用的单因子指数法无法直观反映综合污染状况。为了更为有效、合理地开展土壤重金属评价工作,采用复合指数法对研究区进行评价,该方法通过将单因子指数法评价结果进行空间叠加处理分析,可得到复合种类指数和复合等级指数。复合种类指数可以表示存在污染的元素种类和复合污染的区域,复合等级指数表示复合污染的程度。结果表明:该研究区复合污染的面积依次为:单元素污染双元素污染三元素污染四元素污染。其中单一污染物为As,双元素复合污染物分别为As、Cd或As、Hg;三元素复合污染物分别为As、Cd、Hg或As、Cd、Pb或As、Hg、Pb;四元素复合污染物分别为AS、Cd、Hg、Pb。各程度的污染面积由大到小依次为:轻度污染中度污染重度污染。当地复合污染问题较为严重,政府部门应尽快采取措施进行治理。复合指数法能更为全面、客观、综合的反映评价区的实际污染状况,应加以推广和利用。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.