中国农村劳动力就业调整的微观研究——来自全国代表性农户跟踪调查的经验证据

本文基于一个具有全国代表性的农村劳动力跟踪调查数据集,对中国农村劳动力就业调整的实现机制及其影响因素进行了实证考察。通过分析农村劳动力在不同产业间和不同行业间的就业调整过程,本文研究表明,这一调整主要是通过新劳动力进入非农就业、原有劳动力退出非农就业,而不是劳动力在不同产业和行业间平滑的就业转换来实现的。进一步,本文实证分析模型的估计结果显示,年龄、人力资本和社会资本变量是影响就业转换的主要因素,其中,年龄和受教育年限分别呈稳健的U型和倒U型影响。     

基于人力资本的欠发达地区农村劳动力非农就业研究——以湘西南为例

本文以欠发达地区湘西南为例,从人力资本视角下深入分析农村劳动力非农就业问题,即就业率不高、就业层次低、就业职业不稳定、文化素质及劳动技能较差等。造成这些问题的根本原因是农村劳动力人力资本匮乏,人力资本投入不够。基于此,本文认为．对欠发达地区农村应做到：一是加大农村教育、卫生保健、劳动力技能培训投入力度;二是大力发展农村职业教育;三是深化教育、卫生、就业体制和户籍制度改革。     

农村劳动力结构性短缺的影响因素分析——基于湖南省224份问卷的调查

随着农村劳动力不同质的转移,大量农村地区出现了劳动力老龄化、妇女化、低素质化等现象,留守的农村劳动力出现了严重的结构性短缺,农村劳动力一定程度的畸形转移与结构性缺失,使得农村发展过渡到了一个瓶颈阶段。文章基于224户农户的调查数据,运用因子分析方法,对影响农村劳动力结构性短缺的因素进行了实证分析。模型结果表明:农村劳动力结构性短缺受人力资本、家庭、收入、就业因素的影响。其中,(1)人力资本因素,人力资本因素的贡献率是最大的,留守农户拥有技能、接受培训与否直接影响着农村劳动力的结构;(2)家庭因素,家庭年纯收入、家庭人口数量、土地经营情况对农村劳动力结构性短缺的影响较大,(3)收入因素,本人月收入的影响权重较大;(4)就业因素,就业因素的影响力度较小,农户从事的行业以及就业地点间接影响农村劳动力结构性短缺。针对模型结果,提出几点政策建议。     

家庭禀赋、人力资本与城乡女性就业流动研究——来自湖北省的城乡调查数据

本文通过在湖北省调查的4442个城乡女性劳动力样本,分析城市和农村女性劳动力就业流动性的差异,并构建计量经济模型进一步研究女性人力资本变量和家庭禀赋变量对她们是否外出、外出就业流动次数以及回流选择的影响。研究发现,家庭禀赋和人力资本对于城乡女性就业流动性的影响具有较大差异。家庭禀赋变量在农村女性劳动力是否外出就业的选择上发挥着重要作用,而人力资本对城市女性就业流动次数和回流选择的影响更为明显。总体来看,女性是否选择外出就业主要受家庭禀赋变量影响,而一旦女性选择外出就业后,人力资本变量将对其就业流动次数起主要作用。在当前城市劳动力市场中依然存有对女性劳动力的就业歧视,这种歧视削弱了女性的人力资本在就业市场上的竞争力。     

社会转型中期劳动力素质与就业的城乡差别——基于山东省1502位城乡劳动力调查资料的分析

本文利用山东省17个地(市)136个县(市、区)1502位劳动力的调查数据,研究发现:从个人素质来看,农村转移劳动力与城镇劳动力在体质与健康方面差别不大,但是,农村转移劳动力的知识、技能和工作经验等人力资本因素低于城镇劳动力,导致他们在就业单位、就业行业、工作环境以及社会保障水平方面都存在着巨大差异。笔者认为,这些差异既有客观必然性和历史合理性,又是由不平等的城乡二元体制的遗存或惯性影响造成的,具有不公平性和非正义性。     

户籍制度保护了二元劳动力市场吗

本文就户籍制度是否保护了二元劳动力市场进行了理论和实证分析 ,认为户籍制度是阻碍农村劳动力向就业城市移民的因素 ,但不是阻碍他们实现就业转移的根本制度障碍。严峻的就业形势和素质门槛才是限制农村劳动力进入城市就业的根本原因。大力促进工业化 ,加大对农村及落后地区的转移支付力度 ,并将转移支付重点用于教育、培训和人力资本的积累等 ,是促使二元劳动力市场崩解的关键     

人力资本对农户兼业行为的影响研究——基于山东省临沂10个村的问卷调查

本文通过山东临沂10个村的农户兼业问卷调查所取的数据,运用多元logistic回归模型,对人力资本水平与农户兼业行为的关系进行实证分析,证明农村劳动力受教育程度、非农技能培训、年龄、性别等对农户兼业行为具有重要影响。受教育程度越高、有非农技能培训的农村劳动力非农就业时间长,而农业劳动时间越短;年龄越大,非农就业时间越短,农业劳动时间越长;与女性劳动力相比,男性劳动力的非农就业时间长,农业劳动时间短。最后,本文就减少异地兼业和兼业Ⅱ型、提高专业户比重、释放农村女性劳动力、改善中年农民工就业等问题提出若干建议。     

农村劳动力就业状况的微观影响因素及其作用机理——基于入户调查数据的实证分析

本文针对农村劳动力就业状况的三个假说,利用山东省1161位农村劳动力样本数据,探索个人因素、家庭因素和人力资本因素与农村劳动力就业状况之间的结构关系以及这些影响因素的作用机理。研究结果表明:对农村劳动力就业状况影响最大的是人力资本因素,其次是个人因素,最后是家庭因素;个人因素和家庭因素通过直接和间接(即通过人力资本中间变量)两条路径影响农村劳动力就业状况,并且个人因素与家庭因素之间存在相互作用。因此,提高农村劳动力的人力资本水平是改善农村劳动力就业状况的关键。     

人力资本能否促进农村劳动力的非农就业参与——基于CHNS面板数据的实证分析

利用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)1989-2011年的面板数据,实证分析教育、健康等人力资本对农村劳动力非农就业参与的影响。研究发现,人力资本对农村劳动力非农就业参与有显著的正向影响,但这种正向影响并非对所有群体都适用,人力资本因素对男性劳动力和年轻劳动力的非农就业参与缺乏应有的解释力,这与男性劳动力的家庭角色定位以及年轻劳动力参与非农就业的动因转变有关。     

我国农村转移劳动力的重要性及其培训

农村转移劳动力是一个特定时代的特殊群体,流动性较强,就业不稳定,受教育程度有限,物质资本存量和收入水平均较低。加强对农村转移劳动力在思想认识、技能、文化及农业工业化生产等方面的培训,对于提高农村转移劳动力的人力资本存量,为农村转移劳动力的长期稳定就业创造条件等具有重要意义     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

The Real of Community,the Desire for Development and the Performance of Egalitarianism in the Peruvian Andes: A Materialist–Utopian Account

The paper proposes a materialist–utopian perspective for explaining the persistence of community in the Andes by drawing upon Lacanian theory and the thought of the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui. What characterizes the Andean comunidad are not notions of belonging and identity, but the existence of a fundamental antagonism (what I call the ‘Real of community’). The argument unfolds ethnographically. Usibamba, a peasant comunidad in the central Peruvian Andes, is known as a highly egalitarian and disciplined comunidad. However, a disjunction exists between deep‐seated aspirations of justice and egalitarianism and the particularistic interests of families and individuals. This disjunction manifests itself in a contradictory, schizophrenic regime of discipline and negotiation that produces ‘split subjects’. Desiring development and the staging of theatrical performances of egalitarianism enables Usibambinos to deal with this disjunction and to present an image of unity and determination. I conclude that the comunidad persists through ‘impossible political acts’ brought about by a residual but growing category of landless comuneros who constitute ‘the part of no part’, the uncounted or unnamed.     

边缘旅游地开发研究——以赤峰市为例

边缘旅游地正逐渐成为旅游发展研究的热点之一;在阐述边缘旅地形成机理的基础上,分析了赤峰市旅游业边缘化的原因及表现;对边缘旅游地赤峰市的旅游业开发进行可行性分析,提出摆脱旅游业边缘化的对策和措施,强调必须紧紧依托周边京津冀辽等核心旅游地,注重区域间的优势互补,借助周围核心旅游地的优势扩大赤峰市的旅游市场,在边缘地树立大旅游观念,同时依据赤峰市自身的资源优势不断开发特色旅游产品、打造品牌,积极培养优秀的旅游人才。     

天津地热资源可持续开发利用对策

天津有着十分丰富的地热资源,至2003年底,已有地热井235眼,年开采量2701万m3。但地热资源利用率最高为62.4%,地热尾水回灌率不到8%,基本是一种粗放的开发利用模式。文章从实现地热资源可持续开发利用角度出发,针对天津地区不同热储层的特征,提出适宜的利用方式,提高地热利用率。而且指出必须走回灌开发道路,增加回灌井,提高回灌率是实现地热资源可持续开发利用的重要保障。     

Projections of maize yield vulnerability to droughts and adaptation options in Uganda

Sub-Saharan Africa is likely going to experience more intense and frequent droughts with high parallel possibilities of ramifications on maize yields. While there is a lot of scholarship dwelling on the ramifications of droughts on maize yields at the level of Africa, little has been researched at lower scales. This study presents past (1960–2014) vulnerability of maize yields to droughts based on a previous study (Epule et al., 2017) and projects the future vulnerability of maize yields to droughts by calculating the sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity of maize yields to droughts for the period 2015–2050. The results show that maize yields are more vulnerable in the north of Uganda for the period 1960–2014. However, adaptive capacity is higher in the south. Maize yields also record higher levels of sensitivity and exposure in the north with the latter patterns explained by variations in precipitation, temperature, rich volcanic soils, access to rivers and lakes. In terms of future vulnerability for the period 2015–2050, this study shows that the level of vulnerability of maize yields to droughts in Uganda will increase to levels higher than what currently obtains. For example, the vulnerability index will increase from 0.54 under the 1.5 °C to 0.70 under the 2.0 °C and to 1.54 under the 2.5 °C scenario. Sensitivity is also likely to increase while exposure and adaptive capacity are most likely to remain the same. Overall, it can be said that the future of maize production in Uganda under present and future circumstances remains very bleak without concrete actions. As a way forward, land use policy designers will have to integrate water management, agroforestry, climatic information diffusion, training and indigenous knowledge into land use planning decisions in the context of agriculture.     

The role of knowledge,attitudes and perceptions in the uptake of agricultural and agroforestry innovations among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa

Despite the great potential of agricultural innovations, the uptake by smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa seems to be slow. We reviewed existing theories and frameworks for the uptake of agricultural innovations and found that these tend to emphasize the role of extrinsic factors such as the characteristics of the adopter and the external environment in the decision-making process. In this paper, we argue that intrinsic factors such as the knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of the potential adopter towards the innovation play a key role, but this has been less studied. We present an analytical framework that combines both extrinsic and intrinsic factors in farmers' decisions to adopt new agricultural technologies and apply the framework to agroforestry adoption as a case study. We review the literature on agroforestry adoption in sub-Saharan Africa and identify the extrinsic and intrinsic variables affecting the uptake of agroforestry technologies. We conclude that the uptake of agricultural technologies is a complex process influenced by both extrinsic and intrinsic variables, and recommend that future studies aiming to understand the adoption process of agricultural innovations take into account both sets of variables. A mechanistic understanding of how intrinsic and extrinsic factors interact and drive adoption can help in targeting technologies appropriately to ensure sustainability.     

CAP Subsidies and Productivity of the EU Farms

The paper investigates the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies on farm total factor productivity (TFP) in the European Union (EU). We employ a structural semi‐parametric estimation algorithm directly incorporating the effect of subsidies into a model of unobserved productivity. We empirically study the effects using the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) samples for the EU‐15 countries. Our main findings are clear: subsidies impact negatively on farm productivity in the period before the decoupling reform was implemented; after decoupling the effect of subsidies on productivity is more nuanced and in several countries it turned positive.     

Poverty Reduction Effects of Agricultural Technology Adoption: The Case of Improved Cassava Varieties in Nigeria

We use DNA‐fingerprinting to estimate the poverty reduction effect of adoption of improved cassava varieties in Nigeria. We estimate the counterfactual household income distribution of cassava producers by combining farm‐level treatment effects with a market‐level model. Our results suggest that adoption of improved cassava varieties has led to a 4.6 percentage point reduction in poverty, though this is sensitive to the measurement of adoption status. Therefore, accurate measurement of adoption is crucial for a more credible estimate of the poverty reduction effect of adoption. Our analysis also suggests that farmers who are more likely to be adopters are also likely to face higher structural costs. Addressing structural barriers that make improved technologies less profitable for the poor would therefore be important to increase the poverty reduction effect of improved cassava varieties.     

The retention ability of the agricultural landscape in the emergency planning zone of the Temelín nuclear power plant and its changes since the 19th century

Drainage and loss of wetland sites is a major problem of the agricultural landscape, as it reduces the landscape’s ability to retain water, nutrients, matter, and minimize erosion. With this in mind, the issue of the ability of wet sites to retain radionuclides and contaminated water in the case of a radiation accident was studied. In 2013, field research examined the occurrence of wetland retention sites in the emergency planning zone (EPZ) of the Temelín nuclear power plant (NPP; Czech Republic). As data sources, wetland biotopes (European network Natura 2000) were considered; in addition, retention features were field mapped, i.e. landscape elements of a wetland nature not normally considered nationally significant for conservation. Within the emergency zone, 2854.7 ha of wetland biotopes were registered and 318.9 ha retention features mapped. Density of retention sites (in ha/km²) per cadastre (local administrative units) was used to represent their spatial distribution within the zone. For an assessment of possible revitalization measures, leading to an increase in the landscape’s retention ability, spatial changes in the area of retention sites between 2013 and the mid-19th century, a period before extensive drainage of landscape occurred and a simplification of its structure, were mapped. Historic land maps (The Imperial Obligatory Imprints of the Stable Cadastre) were used as a basis of information on the occurrence and area of fens and wet meadows (4771.5 ha).For spatial comparisons of drained and undrained landscape in the past and present, the density of retention sites per cadastre was calculated. In the mid-19th century, 80% of cadastres had a density of retention sites exceeded 5 ha/km²; in 2013 only 40% of cadastres achieved this. In the most part, drained areas of the zone belong to the central part (around the power plant), as well as the EPZ’s eastern and south-eastern regions. From the density maps of retention sites, as well as from the stable cadastre imprints, it is possible to identify areas and retention features suitable for wetland restoration, thus leading to an increase in the retention capacity of the landscape in terms of water and radionuclide retention. Suggestions as to how to restore and turn retention features into semi-natural wetlands, as well as integrating small wetlands into an agriculture landscape are outlined.