北京山区特色农业资源开发

特色农业资源是北京山区发展的基础和前提条件。该文在对山区特色农业资源的概念进行界定，分析北京发展特色农业的必要性及优势条件的基础上，从不同角度明确了北京山区特色农业资源的开发现状，重点阐述了北京山区主要特色农业资源的类型、种类、特性、规模及效益。     

北京山区板栗产业循环农业模式经济效益分析

通过实地问卷调查获取北京山区板栗循环农业的数据,对栗菌模型-1,栗菌模型-2等五种板栗循环农业模式经济效益进行了估算;在此基础上,将5种循环农业模式按照替代与互补关系进行组合,估算了北京板栗产业全部推广应用这些模式组合将可能产生的经济收益,为北京山区板栗产业循环农业模式的选择提供参考和依据。     

产业融合对北京密云浅山区的生态脆弱性影响

[目的]北京浅山区(海拔100～500m)是自然与人文相互作用、相互影响最强烈的区域,文章以北京密云浅山区为例,探讨浅山区农业产业融合对周边环境的生态脆弱度影响。[方法]实地调研了区域内典型融合型农业产业及其类型,选择海拔高度、坡度、土壤耕层厚度、土壤养分、植被覆盖度等指标建立指标体系,进行了前后相隔30年两个时间点生态脆弱度指数的核算和分析,得出密云浅山区生态脆弱度的变化特点。[结果]相对于1980年, 30年后密云浅山区生态脆弱度整体降低,得益于北京市近年来出台的一系列生态环境保护政策和密云水库水源地生态涵养政策;密云浅山区融合型产业主要包括综合型农业科技园、农业观光园、果蔬采摘园、民俗旅游村四大类型,各占有30%、17%、17%和11%的比重。综合型农业科技园、面积较大的规模果园、设施蔬菜园、观光花园年产值收益较高,加工产品、果品采摘收入、餐饮收入、门票收入是融合型农业收入的主要部分;4种融合型产业生态脆弱度多处于中度脆弱以上,农业科技园的生态脆弱度为Ⅲ级,生态环境负效应明显,农业观光园生态脆弱度为Ⅱ～Ⅳ级;果蔬采摘园生态脆弱度多为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,该类园区在一定程度上起到了生态涵养的作用。民俗旅游村生态脆弱度多数为中等脆弱。[结论]对生态环境具有正效应的融合型农业类型为:经营模式为荒山开发、粗放管理的观光采摘果园,这些产业的人为活动对生态环境的影响较弱。对生态环境具有负效应的融合型农业类型为:精细化管理、高投入高产值、年均游客量大的规模化农业融合产业。这些产业改变了原始植被和土壤结构并建有配套的餐饮住宿设施,生态环境有恶化的趋势。     

河南省农业现代化发展的空间格局研究

[目的]基于产业融合的视角对河南省农业现代化发展水平进行评测,并由此分析其空间格局特征,有助于判断区域农业现代化发展的地域性差异,对促进区域农业协调发展具有重要的意义。[方法]文章基于我国农业现代化发展阶段,构建产业融合视角下的农业现代化评价指标体系,通过熵值法测算其农业现代化发展水平,采用全局Moran′s I指数分析其空间自相关性,由此探索河南省农业现代化的空间格局特征。[结果]河南省农业现代化水平呈正的空间自相关,以河南省17个地级市为单元的农业现代化水平呈现出较强的空间集聚特征。河南省农业现代化发展的高水平区域聚集在以郑州为中心的豫东北地区,低值水平区聚集在豫南、豫西北、豫西地区。[结论]从河南省农业现代化发展的整体趋势来看,其主要受益于系统内的农业多功能拓展、农业产业链延伸及农业产业价值的全面提升,随着乡村振兴战略的实施,有效带动乡村产业融合发展是新时期农业现代化发展的重要方向;农业产业融合作为推动农业结构调整快速实现的有效手段,是切实提高农业综合效益、改善农业发展现状、促进农业现代化发展的重要路径;经济水平和地理区位对农业现代化发展的影响作用在逐渐加强,应通过产业联动、技术渗透、体制创新等方式,因地制宜地形成农业生产与农产品加工、休闲农业等有机结合。     

北京生态文明沟域建设的理论思考

近年来,北京山区以依托优质的生态资源、丰富的自然资源和悠久的历史文化资源,大力发展山区沟域经济,取得了显著成效。该文从生态文明沟域建设战略出发,阐述了生态文明沟域建设的背景,即开展首都山区生态文明沟域建设是转型发展的内在需求,北京山区已经具备开展生态文明建设的基础,生态文明沟域建设是当前北京山区发展的迫切需求,生态文明沟域建设是沟域经济发展转型的内在需要等4个方面。同时,该文梳理了生态文明沟域建设的理论基础,包括生态文明建设与经济发展的辩证统一,生态文明建设发展的系统论以及生态文明建设的复杂论等。特别是从理论高度对生态文明沟域建设进行了战略思考,提出了生态文化引领战略、生态优先发展战略、区域和沟域统筹发展战略以及幸福导向型战略等四大战略。     

浙江省生态循环农业发展实践与启示

发展循环农业是实现农业清洁生产、农业资源可持续利用的有效手段,也是解决资源与环境问题的根本途径,是推动农村经济发展的必然选择。浙江省整建制推进现代生态循环农业,先后建成现代生态循环农业示范区100个、示范主体1 000个、生态牧场1万个以上,基本形成了"主体小循环、园区中循环、区域大循环"的生态循环农业发展格局。研究依据现代农业发展理念,依照经营主体类型、生产规模、产业组织形式、生产环节物质流程与利益共享机制,结合区域辐射范围和产业融合特点,在实地调研的基础上,系统梳理循环农业发展实践模式,将浙江省循环农业分为经营主体小循环、园区生态中循环和区域闭合大循环3个层面,进一步探讨和凝练循环农业发展内在机理、运动规律和实践经验,阐明这三类循环模式的形成机制、发展动力与价值链接,选择典型案例剖析了循环产业链条的链接形式、物质流程与价值增值的环节,在此基础上,进一步提出加强产业融合、促进循环农业发展的约束与激励机制等对策建议。     

基于区域差异性的河北省环首都农业竞争优势分析

[目的]通过分析河北省环首都经济圈内农业区域特点,试图找出环首都农业竞争优势,以期为京津冀地区农业产业结构转型升级提供理论依据。[方法]文章以环首都农业为研究对象,利用层次递进法分析河北省环首都经济圈涉及县、市的农业发展特点,重点分析河北省在农业资源、市场拓展、人力资源、区位及物流成本、技术获取转化及错位发展等优势。[结果]张家口、承德环首都北部区域,生态基础良好,绿色农产品、休闲农业是今后的发展方向;保定、廊坊环首都南部区域,具有优越的自然生产条件,畜产品、蔬果的质量与产量均较高。[结论]环首都经济圈内河北省的农业产业优势显著,河北省与北京市、天津市农业区域合作是"环首都经济圈"发展战略的重要组成部分。     

产业视角下环京津山区贫困县农业品牌建设路径研究*——以张家口市崇礼区为例

[目的]农业品牌建设是连接农业生产与市场消费的有效途径,是贫困地区特色农产品产销对接的重要抓手,在环京津贫困地区率先实现农业品牌建设的突破,示范意义重大。然而,针对贫困县的研究相对缺乏,农业品牌建设实践中脱离产业实际的问题比较常见,亟需路径探索。[方法]采用文献梳理、案例分析、实地和书面调研等方法,以张家口市崇礼区为例,对环京津山区贫困县农业品牌建设的现状进行分析,对路径与战略作出谋划。[结果]环京津山区贫困县的农业产业具有品质优势、错季优势和物流优势,受到资源短缺、投入不足、人才匮乏的限制,也面临居民消费升级、京津冀协同发展、产业扶贫等机遇。[结论]在产业视角下推进环京津山区贫困县农业品牌建设,应当重点实施品质农业发展行动,加强品牌营销,培育专业队伍,开展小而美、中高端、精准化的特色农业品牌建设。同时,建议上级有关部门在组织保障、政策倾斜、指导服务上给予有力支持。     

北京山区区域公共政策绩效评价研究——以“十五”、“十一五”时期北京山区政策为例

为了发展山区、解决山区建设中存在的诸多矛盾,北京制定了一系列专门针对山区的区域公共政策。本文从政策直接效应和间接效应两方面,对北京"十五"、"十一五"时期山区政策进行绩效评价,其中直接效应从生态、经济、生态经济、社会四个方面进行了评价,间接效应主要是通过农业生态服务价值的变化来反映山区政策带来的山区生态服务、生活服务、生产服务、资源服务价值等方面的变化。评价结果显示,北京山区区域公共政策在给山区带来正向直接效应的同时,也有政策无效的表现。     

我国农村产业融合发展研究

[目的]农村产业融合发展是打造新农业农村经济增长极的重要载体,是构建蓝绿交织、清新明亮、产业共融的田园综合体的有效途径,对于促进农民增收、农业增效、农村增绿具有重要意义。[方法]文章根据统计数据,通过定性分析的方法,对我国农村产业融合发展意义、现状、机遇及制约因素进行了深入研究。[结果]当前我国农村产业融合发展初见成效,发展模式日益多样化、经营主体逐步多元化、利益联结机制不断健全。新形势下,我国农村产业融合发展的制度环境更加优越、物质基础更加雄厚、市场空间更加广阔、内生动力更加强劲。但是,我国农村产业融合还处于起步阶段,农村产业融合层次浅、新型农业经营主体带动能力弱、利益联结机制松散、要素瓶颈制约尚未打破、基础设施建设滞后等问题比较突出。[结论]提出应从加强顶层设计、完善产业融合模式、强化新型农业经营主体的带动能力、健全利益联结机制、激发多种要素、加强基础设施建设等方面搭建农村产业融合发展平台,促进农村产业融合发展驶入"时代高铁"。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.