大力发展粮食产业为新农村建设夯实基础

党的十六届五中全会对推进社会主义新农村建设作出了重要战略部署。粮食部门是农业的基础部门,粮食生产与流通的基础在农村,粮食收购活动的主要对象是农民,粮食流通的重要任务就是服务于农业、服务于农村、服务于农民。因此,粮食流通工作与社会主义新农村建设紧密相联。“十五”期间,我国粮食流通体制改革取得重大突破,有效地促进了粮食增产、农业增效和农民增收。“十一五”期间,粮食部门要全面贯彻科学发展观,进一步完善体制机制,加强调控监管,发展现代粮食流通,引导粮食生产,确保粮食安全,为社会主义新农村建设作出积极贡献。一、全面落…     

探索稳粮措施 助推经济转型

"民以食为天",粮食是国计民生的头等大事,是国民经济的重要基础,且充足稳定的粮食产量是稳定民心促进社会进步的保证,是发展农村经济的先决条件。探索稳定粮食生产的措施与策略,推动农村经济发展的转型,既是构建和谐社会的必然要求,也是加快农业现代化建设的重要任务。麻柳乡是一个典型的粮猪型二元结构的传统农业乡,如何发挥优势,稳定粮食生产,助推经济发展,进而实现科学发展新突破?笔者认为应立足于自然资源和生态优势,把握当前国家加大投资,努力提高粮食单产,稳定粮食总产,调整农业产业结构,助推经济发展方式的转变,促进农业产生又快又好发展。     

推进农业“七大体系”建设

在农业和农村经济发展迎来重要机遇、恢复和发展粮食生产的关键时刻．农业部7月7日在京召开全国农业厅(局)长座谈会，总结上半年农业和农村经济工作，分析当前农业和农村经济形势特别是粮食生产形势．研究实施科技兴粮战略问题，并对农业“七大体系”建设和下半年的重点工作进行     

山东省粮食生产系统的动态关联分析

根据灰色关联理论和模型,分析了山东省粮食总产量与各影响因子的动态关联程度;认为影响山东省粮食生产的首要制约因素是粮食单产,其次是农业自然灾害和复种指数,而农业机械总动力、化肥施用量和农村用电量对粮食产量影响较小;提出了加大农业科技投入、加快中低产田改造、加强农田水利建设、发展节水技术等稳定发展粮食生产的对策。     

充分发挥国有粮食企业在社会主义新农村建设中的积极作用

粮食部门是农业的基础部门，粮食生产与流通的基础在农村，粮食收购的主要对象是农民，粮食流通的重要任务就是服务于农业、服务于农村、服务于农民。因此，粮食流通工作与社会主义新农村建设紧密相连。国家调控粮食市场的方式、政府对社会粮食流通活动的管理体制、农业保护制度等方面的深刻改革，客观上要求粮食流通工作的任务、目标、内容以及工作和思维方式都要尽快适应这些变化。     

杜青林：把发展农村生产力放在第一位

农业部部长杜青林4月25日在中宣部、中央直属机关工委、中央国家机关工委等部门举办的形势报告会上指出，建设新农村。经济是基础。不能把新农村建设片面理解为新村建设和新房建设，必须把发展农村生产力放在第一位，只有生产发展了，改善农民的生活才有条件，改变农村的面貌才有坚实基础。建设现代农业是新农村建设的基础工程。为推进现代农业建设，“十一五”时期，农业部将实施“转变、拓展、提升”三大战略，重点抓好六方面工作，即确保粮食稳定增产，大力提高粮食综合生产能力；继续推进结构调整，积极发展高产、优质、高效、生态、安全农业；依靠科技进步，切实转变农业增长方式；加强农业服务体系建设，不断提高农业组织化程度；着力培育新型农民，进一步提高农村劳动力素质；稳定、完善和强化惠农政策，努力构建农业支持保护体系。     

新农村建设中农村生态文明建设路径探析

当前,围绕城乡发展一体化的新农村建设处在深入推进阶段,农村的生活改善,农民的收入提升,但相应的也付出了巨大的生态环境代价。与城市相比,当前我国农村生态环境污染问题更为突出,严重影响和破坏了农业生产、农民生活和农村环境,我们必须清醒认识到进行农村生态文明建设的重要性和必要性。本文通过分析农村生态文明建设的意义、制约因素,探寻农村生态文明建设路径,以期全面推进农村生态文明建设,为新农村建设打下坚实的生态环境基础。     

河南粮食核心区建设中资源禀赋优势逆转与对策  ———基于粮食综合生产能力视角

河南农村剩余劳动力在粮食生产核心区建设中出现了要素禀赋优势逆转,即劳动力资源的短缺导致了粮食核心区建设与区域经济发展争夺劳动力资源的矛盾,土地的稀缺性导致了城镇化和工业化发展与粮食生产核心区建设在空间和区域上争夺土地资源的矛盾,这些因素制约了粮食生产能力。文章提出了引导投入务工与务农劳动力结构比例、妥善处理土地开发和保护耕地关系、以市场手段改善农业基础设施等具体建议。     

搞好粮食流通 促进粮食生产

搞好粮食流通促进粮食生产江泽民总书记考察河南农业和农村工作的讲话，对农村的改革、发展和稳定等重大问题，作了很重要的指示，具有很强的针对性，对进一步统一全党和全国的认识，指导做好农业和农村工作具有十分重要意义。一、充分认识发展粮食生产的重要性粮食是关系...     

大力促进粮食主产区农业发展

党的十六大提出了统筹城乡经济社会发展,建设现代农业,增加农民收入,全面繁荣农村经济的伟大任务。完成这一历史性任务,必须十分重视粮食主产区农业的发展。粮食主产区人口数量大,农业人口的比重高,非农产业不很发达,经济资源单一,农民对农业生产尤其是对粮食生产的依赖程度高。近几年由于粮食价格低迷,主产区受到的影响最大,农民收入增长的幅度也最小;主产区粮食产量和农业生产的波动,对全国粮食及其他农产品供求平衡有重大影响。促     

甘肃农村生态系统的环境战略研究

在具体研究了甘肃省环境污染和破坏的现状，保护农村环境取得的成效，当前面临的环境问题及发展趋势基础上，进一步讨论了保护环境的道路；从工业，农业，社会，能源，资源等方面提出保护农村生态系统的技术政策；呼吁落实和完善行之有效的环保政策和措施，采取多种手段防治环境污染，保护自然生态。     

Agricultural production and children's diets: evidence from rural Ethiopia

We study the relationship between pre‐school children's food consumption and household agricultural production. Using a large household survey from rural Ethiopia, we find that increasing household production diversity leads to considerable improvements in children's dietary diversity. However, we also document how this nonseparability of consumption and production does not hold for households that have access to food markets. These findings imply that nutrition‐sensitive agricultural interventions that push for market integration are likely to be more effective in reducing under‐nutrition than those promoting production diversity.     

Welfare consequences of water supply alternatives in rural Tunisia

Many economic studies have addressed the issue of inefficiency of public water supply in rural areas and the potential for improved service by private companies. Many of these analyses focused on identifying either willingness to pay or comparing average service costs and prices paid by customers. This paper performs a welfare analysis of two water supply systems—public and self owned—in rural Tunisia. The paper calculates consumer and producer surplus and compares the performance of the two systems from a social point of view. Results suggest that both systems are inefficient, mainly because of a production level that is low compared with production capacity.     

Human food vs. animal feed debate. A thorough analysis of environmental footprints

Currently, a large portion of grain production is funneled into animal feed despite widespread hunger and undernutrition. In the present work we: (i) estimated the area, water and carbon footprints of animal-source proteins (AP) obtained from intensive farming systems and compared them with those from producing an equivalent amount of plant-source proteins (PP); (ii) postulated a set of straightforward hypotheses to recover environmental resources by cutting down a surplus in the per capita protein intake from three representative regions where intensive animal farming systems account for a great share of animal food production.Our major findings revealed that AP from intensive farming were approximately 2.4 to 33 more expensive in terms of area and water demand and 2.4 to 240 more pollutant in terms of greenhouse gas emissions when compared with PP. Environmental recoveries varied widely according to the hypothesized scenarios, but even the lowest estimates suggested remarkable results.Whether additional proteins supply would be required, crops with large protein content as peas, chickpeas, soybeans, and lupins could help to meet food security, while better compromise between dietary habits and environmental protection could be reached in rich countries by a moderate consumption of meat produced with non-feed grain systems.     

The private provision of public environment: Consumer preferences for organic production systems

This paper analyses individual preferences regarding environmental and health improvement technologies in organic food production systems. The impure public model is applied to explore the implications of organic food preferences for environmental market provision. Empirical results from a survey reveal that consumers are willing to pay for both health gains and environmental friendly technologies in organic milk production, although the valuation of the health aspects is higher. Prior information about organic production systems and shopping convenience are key variables in interpersonal comparisons of willingness to pay. The perceived overall value of organic production systems was higher among individuals with stronger environmental preferences than among those who prioritise health concerns. The conclusions of this study may have implications for the analysis of efficiency in the organic produce market.     

Food,farmers, and the future: Investigating prospects of increased food production within a national context

With international food price shocks in 2008 and 2011, food security became a political priority in many countries. In addition, some politicians have recently adopted a more nationalistic stance. Against that background, this paper critically investigates the prospects of increased food production within a national context. We use a small, high-income country, Norway, as an empirical case. In 2012, the government set a goal of increasing agricultural food production by 20% by 2030. We ask: 1) How has food production in Norway developed before and after the goal was set? 2) What plans do farmers have, and what do they regard as the main obstacles to increased production? We apply a mixed method combining public statistics, a survey, and interviews. We analyze four production systems: a) milk; b) grass-based meat; c) combined pig and grain; and d) grain. These systems represent around 80% of the domestically consumed food produced on farms in Norway. Since 2000, aggregate food production has had a slight downward trend with periodic fluctuations. Based on a political economy approach, we identify land and labor as the most limiting factors. Capital is less of a hindrance and offers a potential for increased production. Farmers have modest expectations of increased production, though. This outlook resonates with the strong integration of agriculture into the wider economy, at both micro and macro levels, making it challenging to implement new policies and change farm practices on a broad basis. Increases in some specific products, however, are realistic.     

Diversification economies and specialisation efficiencies in a mixed food and coffee smallholder farming system in Papua New Guinea

Smallholder farming systems in Papua New Guinea are characterised by an integrated set of cash cropping and subsistence food cropping activities. In the Highlands provinces, the subsistence food crop sub-system is dominated by sweet potato production. Coffee dominates the cash cropping sub-system, but a limited number of food crops are also grown for cash sale. The dynamics between sub-systems can influence the scope for complementarity between, and technical efficiency of, their operations, especially in light of the seasonality of demand for household labour and management inputs within the farming system. A crucial element of these dynamic processes is diversification into commercial agricultural production, which can influence factor productivity and the efficiency of crop production where smallholders maintain a strong production base in subsistence foods.
In this study we use survey data from households engaged in coffee and food crop production in the Benabena district of Eastern Highlands Province to derive technical efficiency indices for each household over two years. A stochastic input distance function approach is used to establish whether diversification economies exist and whether specialisation in coffee, subsistence food or cash food production significantly influences technical efficiency on the sampled smallholdings.
Diversification economies are weakly evident between subsistence food production and both coffee and cash food production, but diseconomies of diversification are discerned between coffee and cash food production. A number of factors are tested for their effects on technical efficiency. Significant technical efficiency gains are made from diversification among broad cropping enterprises.     

Sustainability of fish pond culture in rural farming systems of Central and Western Cameroon

In Sub-Saharan Africa, fish ponds are often an integral part of farming systems but have suffered from a lack of viability and sustainability. The present study aims to understand the strategies used by fish farmers to overcome economic and environmental constraints. In 2008 and 2009, fish farmers were surveyed in Central and Western Cameroon, and the fish production systems were classified by cluster analysis. Four broad types were identified according to the complexity of household operations. The development of extensive systems (large-scale and low-input) in rural areas of central Cameroon is induced mainly by abundant available land. For semi-intensive systems in both regions (small-scale and high-input in the Western Region, large-scale and high-input in peri-urban areas of the Central Region), horizontal integration is not sufficient to make fish production profitable and sustainable. More intensive fish farms tend towards vertical integration, in which farmers establish close links with input suppliers. Main causes of low productivity of semi-intensive systems (1–2?t/ha/yr) are both lack of knowledge of fish farming principles by farmers and lack of technical improvement by extension agents and researchers which need to consider the local complexity of farming systems to develop and intensify fish production. The adaptation of development strategies to socio-economic and environmental contexts is a necessity to hope for an increase in fish pond aquaculture production in Africa.     

Leadership and the Provision of Safe Food

Modern food production typically involves many interacting stages and two or more decision makers. There is reason to believe that inputs in determining quality likely complement. And it is not possible to regulate many of these inputs. In a food production system possessing these characteristics, we show that leadership by one or more firms through communicating actions may be used as a mechanism to increase overall food quality. As there may be no private incentive to lead, there may be strategic merit in assigning liability through legislation. We also suggest the possibility that genetics are leadership instruments in hog production systems.     

休闲豆制食品危害控制研究

以传统休闲豆制食品的加工过程为研究对象,对生产过程各主要加工环节进行取样分析,探讨主要加工环节的重金属和微生物指标的变化规律,旨在确定影响产品安全的关键控制点。结果表明休闲豆制食品危害控制的关键控制点为:原料选择(大豆、水源、添加剂)、废物处理(废水、豆腐渣)、浸泡、分割与包装、灭菌。危害控制的方法有:规范原材料的选购途径、建立废物处理系统、规范加工工艺、建立食品数据库等。