中国新疆与塔吉克斯坦农作物碳蓄积潜力对比分析

本文对中国新疆维吾尔自治区与塔吉克斯坦的三种主要农作物20年来的固碳能力及碳蓄积总量进行估算,并对农作物碳蓄积量变化趋势进行分析。结果表明:新疆和塔吉克斯坦主要农作物平均固碳能力分别为1.39t/hm2和0.75t/hm2,新疆小麦、玉米和棉花的固碳能力分别是塔吉克斯坦的1.34、4.93和1.40倍;从1990年到2010年,新疆农作物固碳潜力总体呈现上升趋势,而塔吉克斯坦则呈现先下降再上升的趋势。与新疆相比,塔吉克斯坦的农作物具有较高的固碳潜力,通过农业新技术的实施可将潜力转化成可实现作物固碳量,为减缓气候变化提供支持。     

土壤有机碳储量估算方法及土地利用调控措施研究进展

研究目的:综述土壤有机碳储量估算及调控措施的进展,展望中国有关研究的发展趋势。研究方法:文献资料法、对比法。研究结果:全球与中国陆地生态系统碳储量估算方法主要有土壤类型法、模型法、GIS估算法、生命带类型法等,但受资料来源、区域土壤的空间异质性等的限制,估算方法的适用性和结果差异较大;土壤固碳的土地利用调控措施主要有农艺措施、生物措施、化学措施、政策措施等。研究结论:正确评价土壤碳储量与合理的土地利用,对减缓可能的温室效应、减少全球碳循环通量具有重要意义。     

农田生态系统碳足迹法:误区、改进与应用 ———兼析中国集约农作碳效率

近10多年来,国内外农田生态系统碳足迹研究蓬勃开展并取得了某些成果。同时也存在着问题与 误区,主要是碳流路径的短路和指标逻辑起点不一,导致研究结果的失真与扭曲。该文论述了全环式与半 环式碳流路径的利弊,提出了改进3原则,对当前世界流行的5种指标体系进行比较、综合、筛选、补充 与改进,初步形成了适合中国实际情况的包括碳流路径、指标体系及相应参数的碳足迹方法论,并通过 1950年以来的全国性农田系统碳流分析和现代高效农田的案例加以验证和剖析,与当前流行的一些主流观 点相悖,运用改进的碳足迹法进行的案例研究发现:（1）与多年生林木相似,农田上连年种植的一年生作 物同样具有净固碳作用;（2）1952～2012年期间,随着农业集约化程度的不断提高,全国农田生态系统碳 效率仍保持在正平衡状态;（3）尽管农田化合物大量投入,但在农田生态系统内增加的固碳量仍超过耗碳 量,化学合成物在农田生态系统的合理应用也有减少温室气体的可能性。     

农田生态系统碳足迹法:误区、改进与应用——兼析中国集约农作碳效率(续)

近10多年来,国内外农田生态系统碳足迹研究蓬勃开展并取得了某些成果。同时也存在着问题与误区,主要是碳流路径的短路和指标逻辑起点不一,导致研究结果的失真与扭曲。该文论述了全环式与半环式碳流路径的利弊,提出了改进3原则,对当前世界流行的5种指标体系进行比较、综合、筛选、补充与改进,初步形成了适合中国实际情况的包括碳流路径、指标体系及相应参数的碳足迹方法论,并通过1950年以来的全国性农田系统碳流分析和现代高效农田的案例加以验证和剖析,与当前流行的一些主流观点相悖,运用改进的碳足迹法进行的案例研究发现:(1)与多年生林木相似,农田上连年种植的一年生作物同样具有净固碳作用;(2)1952~2012年期间,随着农业集约化程度的不断提高,全国农田生态系统碳效率仍保持在正平衡状态;(3)尽管农田化合物大量投入,但在农田生态系统内增加的固碳量仍超过耗碳量,化学合成物在农田生态系统的合理应用也有减少温室气体的可能性。     

低碳目标导向的兰州市土地利用结构优化研究

研究目的:以兰州市为案例探讨低碳目标导向的土地利用结构优化途径。研究方法:模糊线性规划,多元线性回归分析,实证分析,对比分析。研究结果:从碳源和碳汇两方面构建模型显示碳蓄积最大化优化解与碳排放最小化优化解基本吻合。对兰州市2005年以及规划目标年的碳蓄积量和碳排放量进行估算,与原规划方案相比,优化方案到2020年兰州市年均碳蓄积量可增加14.7万t,年均碳排放量可减少18.69万t。通过多元线性回归分析,建设用地和林地与陆地生态系统碳循环关系最为密切,建设用地是主要的碳源,碳排放量约占97%,林地、耕地、牧草地是主要碳汇,碳蓄积量约占84%。研究结论:低碳目标导向的优化方案对于增汇减源的效果明显,可为规划方案今后的修编提供借鉴和补充,更好的实现土地资源合理利用和可持续发展的目的。     

“永安林业”永安经营区森林生态系统公共服务功能经济分析

运用影子价格法、市场价值法、机会成本法、替代花费法等方法,从涵养水源、保持土壤、固碳释氧、净化空气、林产品价值、保护生物多样性等6个方面对福建永安林业(集团)股份有限公司(简称"永安林业")永安经营区森林生态系统服务功能的经济价值进行评价。结果表明:"永安林业"永安经营区森林生态系统每年服务的总价值为20.953143亿元。其中涵养水源价值4.232074亿元,保持土壤价值5422.63万元,固碳释氧价值6.696 615亿元,净化空气价值4.707 154亿元,林产品价值4.654 192亿元,保护生物多样性价值1208.45万元。     

武汉城市湖泊生态功能价值演变研究——以汉阳湖群为例

湖泊作为武汉市重要的自然资源和生态资源,对城市可持续发展具有重要意义。定量评估城市湖泊生态功能价值演变,能够为维护生态系统稳定和湖泊资源可持续利用提供支撑。本研究基于土地利用数据、气象数据以及实地调查数据对武汉市中心城区的汉阳湖群进行了生态功能价值评估。研究表明:(1)汉阳湖群的生态功能价值由高到低依次为:水文调节>水资源供给>生物多样性维持>水源涵养>科研教育>休闲娱乐>净化环境>气候调节,调节功能价值平均占比高达85.15%,对汉阳湖群生态价值的贡献最大,表明城市湖泊对维持城市生态系统平衡发挥着不可替代的调节作用;(2)汉阳湖群的生态功能价值量总体呈下降趋势,由2000年的99824.65万元下降为2020年的75468.06万元,下降率为24.40%,湖泊生态系统功能仍面临严重威胁;(3)湖泊沉积物是湖泊固碳功能的主要贡献者,湖泊固碳价值仍有较大的发掘空间。     

森林生态系统碳储量和固碳能力研究进展

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,在维持地球生物圈内的生态平衡中具有不可替代的重要作用。低碳经济是近年世界各国共同探索和研究的重大课题,随着国内对碳汇林业的不断深入研究,建立了对森林生态系统中碳含量多地区多方面测定和计算的模型与方法,针对同一地区的不同树种的固碳能力作了测定和比较。     

土地整治生态效益定量化评价——以山东省章丘市绣惠镇为例

根据土地整治项目区农田生态系统的特点,选择了固碳制氧、净化空气、气候调节、蓄水能力、水土保持、农业观光旅游等6类指标,采用市场评价法、成果参照法、影子工程法、生产成本法等定量化评价章丘市绣惠镇土地整治项目区整治前后的生态效益。结果表明:整治后项目区生态效益比整治前增加了163.53万元,在所选定的6个指标中,除蓄水价值减少外,其余各项生态价值均增加,土地整治工程的实施能够有效增加项目区的生态效益,但也要警惕生态系统的逆向发展。在项目的规划设计、工程建设以及后期管护阶段,要将生态效益理念贯穿始终。     

经济发达区土地利用变化与生态服务价值损益研究——以浙江省慈溪市为例

研究目的:以浙江省慈溪市1999—2005年的土地利用详查及更新调查数据,研究该地区土地利用变化及其所引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。研究方法:土地利用类型动态度法、土地利用程度综合指数法、生态系统服务价值当量计算法。研究结果:研究区1999—2005年园地、林地、建设用地呈增加趋势,耕地基本不变,水利设施用地和未利用地呈减少趋势;土地利用程度指数逐年上升;生态系统服务价值却随当地经济的发展逐渐下降。研究结论:今后的土地利用规划一定要严格控制建设用地扩张,提高用地效率,保证经济稳步增长和生态环境质量不断提高。     

Past and future impacts of land use and climate change on agricultural ecosystem services in the Czech Republic

Climatic and land use change are amongst the greatest global environmental pressures resulting from anthropogenic activities. Both significantly influence the provision of crucial ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, water flow regulation, and food and fibre production, at a variety of scales. The aim of this study is to provide spatially explicit information at a national level on climate and land use change impacts in order to assess changes in the provision of ecosystem services. This work provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the impacts on selected ecosystem services (carbon sequestration, food production and soil erosion) in the agricultural sector of the Czech Republic. This assessment shows that, historical land use trends and land use under projected climate scenarios display some shared spatial patterns. Specifically, these factors both lead to a significant decrease of arable land in the border fringes of the Czech Republic, which is to some extent replaced by grasslands, in turn affecting the provision of ecosystem services. Moreover, this assessment contributes to a useful method for integrating spatially explicit land use and climate change analysis that can be applied to other sectors or transition countries elsewhere.     

Prospective evaluation of the impact of land use change on ecosystem services in the Ourika watershed,Morocco

Land use change at the local stage affects the flow of ecosystem services at all levels. Analyzing the causes of land use change such as anthropogenic activities in the case of the Ourika watershed will facilitate sustainable policies. A decision-making tool, InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade Offs) was used to quantify three ecosystem services and to generate three spatially explicit land use scenarios (trend, development and conservation) with expert stakeholders and the local population. The results indicate that forest expansion under the conservation scenario increased carbon sequestration and sediment retention by 34.29 % and 7.17 % but decreased water yield by 0.75 %. Comparably, a combination of forest and cropland expansion under the trend scenario generated a moderate increase by 8.4 % and 0.98 % but a negligible decrease of 0.09 %. A decline in the forests under the development scenario caused an improvement in the water yield by 0.12 % but a decrease in carbon sequestration and sediment retention by 6.06 % and 0.88 % respectively. A combination of forests and croplands through agroforestry systems enhances the provision of all the three ecosystem services. Community-based ecosystem and land management is the best way to improve ecosystem services at the local level.     

A quantitative assessment of policy options for no net loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the European Union

The Biodiversity Strategy of the European Union includes a target to “ensure no-net-loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services by 2020”. Many policy options can be envisioned to achieve such a no-net-loss target, mainly acting on land use and land management. To assess the effectiveness of such policies at a European Union (EU) scale, we simulated land use changes and their impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services indicators. We analysed a Business–as-Usual scenario, and three no-net-loss scenarios. The no-net-loss scenarios included measures that aim to reduce negative impacts of land use change on biodiversity and ecosystem services, by better implementation of existing biodiversity conservation measures (Scenario 1); and enhancement of existing measures (Scenario 2); and offsetting residual impacts on areas of high biodiversity and ecosystem service value (Scenario 3).Results show that none of the scenarios achieved overall no-net-loss. Compared to a Business-as-Usual scenario, the no-net-loss scenarios reduced the overall degree of land cover change at EU level, hence reducing impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services in large parts of the EU. The more comprehensive no-net-loss scenarios resulted in a gain of natural land cover. Moreover, natural areas became better connected, especially in peri-urban areas as a result of impact avoidance and offsetting. Richness of farmland bird species was projected to increase. Measures included in the no-net-loss scenarios had net positive effects on pollination and carbon sequestration, neutral effects on crop production, erosion prevention and flood regulation, and negative effects on nature-based recreation, compared to Business-as-Usual. In particular circumstances policy measures invoked displacement effects in land use allocation, reducing the effectiveness of the measures. This was primarily the case for flood regulation services throughout the EU.This study differentiates the potential effectiveness of a no-net-loss policy framework in three manners: (i) considering biodiversity and ecosystem services simultaneously; (ii) in the light of existing policies and land use pressures; and (iii) in different land use contexts across the EU. Taken together, we conclude that achieving no-net-loss for biodiversity and ecosystem services throughout the EU remains challenging given high land use demands. Nevertheless, in large parts of Europe there appears room for improvement for certain kinds of biodiversity and ecosystem services compared to Business-as-Usual, while still meeting other land use demands.     

Modeling of ecosystem services informs spatial planning in lands adjacent to the Sarvelat and Javaherdasht protected area in northern Iran

Dynamic models of ecosystem services supply and scenario analysis of changes in multiple services are being increasingly used to support land use planning and decision making. This approach reduces potential and real conflicts among various stakeholders potentially creating win–win solutions for all. It is particularly applicable in areas where insufficient land for agriculture and settlements is resulting in high rates of conversion of natural forest and grasslands. We quantified and mapped multiple ecosystem services, including habitat provision as a proxy for biodiversity, carbon storage and sequestration, and water balance and supply in the Sarvelat and Javaherdasht region of the globally-significant Hyrcanian (Caspian) forests in northern Iran using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs tool. This region is experiencing a rapidly increasing rate of forest conversion and as a result, the protected area located within the study landscape is threatened by human encroachment. Plausible future landscapes were modeled under three scenarios: (i) business as usual; (ii) protection-based zoning which reflects an expansion of the protected area boundary to prevent land use changes; and (iii) collaborative zoning through redefining the protection boundary simultaneously with an adjustment to meet local stakeholders’ objective of expansion of anthropogenic cover. The results showed that the collaborative zoning scenario would best contribute to effective policy because it presents a more rational spatial configuration of the landscape maintaining the provision of ecosystem services. This scenario may lead to reduced environmental impacts while achieving less conflict between the government and local communities. These results will help to inform and shape natural resource management policies in Iran and is applicable elsewhere in the world.     

A modified production possibility frontier for efficient forestry management under the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme

Carbon sequestered through increased forest biomass provides a low cost means to curb emissions and has become a major focus of New Zealand's Emissions Trading Scheme. We present a forest planning optimisation model where land use is governed by forest owners maximising the returns to both timber harvest and carbon sequestration. By varying carbon prices, we model efficient trade‐offs between the two forest activities along a modified production possibility frontier for four distinct wood supply regions in New Zealand. Results show that while more productive regions such as the Central North Island (CNI) and Northland have a greater capacity as a carbon sink, it is the less productive regions that have a comparative advantage in carbon sequestration in terms of a lower cost of wood production revenue foregone. However, moderate increases in carbon uptake can be achieved in the CNI at low opportunity cost by subtle changes in forestry management. The implication for policy‐makers is that initial increases in carbon sequestration will be achieved at the lowest cost to society by favouring high volume timber production in some productive woodland areas and/or by more carbon farming in less productive areas.     

Impact of local payments for ecosystem services on land use in a developed area of China: A qualitative analysis based on an integrated conceptual framework

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have increasingly been applied as economic incentives for improving ecosystem services around the world. However, due to difficulties in measuring and attributing ecosystem services provisioning, a land-based approach has been popularly adopted as a proxy for the desired ecosystem services. In this study, we demonstrate the impact mechanism and outcomes of locally financed PES programs on conservation-based land use in a developed area of China. We present this work using a PES-land use proxy framework that is examined empirically through a variety of qualitative assessments. Our framework illustrates that, within the ecological, socioeconomic, and institutional conditions of developed areas, land use class, pattern and function would be impacted by (a) conservation effect, (b) stakeholder response, and (c) institutional adaptation mechanisms of local PES programs, with multiple land use trends as potential outcomes. We examine the framework using materials from Suzhou, China, which has implemented a top-down, partly involuntary (ecosystem services supply side), land based PES program. Our results show that, expected land use class, land use pattern and land use function are observed in areas where the PES programs were implemented. We also find that the conditions of developed areas and locally financed payments mechanism indeed played a crucial role in promoting conservation-based land use in Suzhou.     

土地利用规划环境影响回顾性评价实证研究

以浙江省淳安县为例,探讨运用生态系统服务功能价值进行土地利用规划环境影响回顾性评价的方法,估算土地利用总体规划实施前后,淳安县不同土地利用结构下的生态系统服务价值及构成。结果表明：规划实施以来,淳安县生态服务价值减少了1．67亿元,居民点及工矿用地的内部消耗大于面积扩张给生态系统服务带来的负影响,园地对区域生态服务价值的贡献率提高了2．03％,区域气体调节和废物处理功能价值分别减低了1．47％和0．16％。该结果为新一轮规划的土地利用结构调整方向提供了对策与建议。     

Land use planning and the ecosystem approach: An evaluation of case study planning frameworks against the Malawi Principles

Global land use change continues to undermine the capacity of ecosystems to sustain ecosystem service (ES) flows. Much attention in policy and research has therefore been given to concepts, tools and processes for sustainable land use planning, including consideration of ES and the ecosystem approach. However, there are limited empirical cases or evaluations of ecosystem approach based planning from which lessons can be drawn. The aim of this research therefore was to identify and evaluate existing case study planning frameworks that have the potential to operationalise the ecosystem approach. Based on the Malawi Principles, a new suite of evaluation criteria was developed. This was used to assess case study documentary evidence and evaluate the extent to which the 12 Malawi Principles had been considered. The evaluation also assessed the planning methods/approaches used by the case studies and their potential to help translate the Malawi Principles into land use planning outcomes. Finally, a SWOT analysis was used to structure the main findings. Our results show that the Malawi Principles have been considered across the case studies “fully” or “partially” in 64% of instances suggesting, therefore, that the case studies present a reasonable interpretation of the ecosystem approach. However, poor consideration of biodiversity and environmental limits across the cases highlights the risk of land use management decisions continuing to contribute to the degradation of natural capital.     

Analyzing crop change scenario with the SmartScape™ spatial decision support system

Agricultural land use is increasingly changing due to different anthropogenic activities. A combination of economic, socio-political, and cultural factors exerts a direct impact on agricultural changes. This study aims to illustrate how stakeholders and policymakers can take advantage of a web-based spatial decision support system (SDSS), namely SmartScape™ to either test existing crop change policies or produce effective crop change decisions using tradeoff analysis. We addressed the consequences of two common crop change scenarios for Dane county in Wisconsin, United States, (a) replacing perennial energy crops with annual energy crops and (b) replacing annual energy crops with perennial energy crops. The results suggested that converting areas under grass and alfalfa production that were located on high quality soil and flat slope to corn promoted a net-income and availability of gross biofuel. Additionally, the model outcome proposed that converting areas under corn and soy production that were located on high slope to grass promoted net-energy, phosphorus loading, soil loss, soil carbon sequestration, nitrous oxide emission, grassland bird habitat, pollinator abundance, and biocontrol. Therefore, SmartScape™ can assist strategic crop change policy by comparing the tradeoff among ecosystem services to ensure that crop change policies have outcomes that are agreeable to a diversity of policymakers.     

土地利用总体规划述评

土地利用总体规划是实现土地资源优化配置和部门间合理分酉己的有效方式，是落实土地管理法的重要手段。本文从我国已经开展的两轮土地利用总体规划入手，分析了前两轮规划尤其是上一轮规划取得的成绩，总结了规划中暴露出的问题．提出了改善土地利用总体规划的一些建议，以期对新一轮规划修编有所裨益。