基于层次分析法的城市土地集约利用评价——以珠三角为例

从投入、产出、经济效益、可持续利用四个层次构建了城市土地集约利用评价指标体系，采用层次分析法，对珠三角城市土地集约利用情况进行评价分析．得出结论：珠三角城市土地集约利用程度总体水平不高，区域空间差异较大，珠三角核心区域集约度较高，外围集约度较低，并就提高珠三角城市土地集约利用提出了一些建议。     

浙江省城市土地集约利用效率评价

本文在明晰土地集约利用涵义的基础上，建立了城市土地集约利用的评价体系，并应用该指标体系对浙江省2004～2005年城市土地的集约度情况进行实证研究，结果显示，浙江省的城市土地利用效率存在明显的区域差异性。     

论建设用地节约集约利用评价的技术体系与思路

研究目的：总结分析中国建设用地节约集约利用评价的技术体系和关键问题。研究方法：综合分析法，文献资料法。研究结论：（1）建设用地节约集约利用是指通过降低建设用地消耗、增加对土地的投入，不断提高土地利用效率和经济效益的一种开发经营模式，主要属于经济领域讨论的问题；（2）中国建设用地节约集约利用评价技术体系包括区域建设用地节约集约利用评价、城市建设用地集约利用评价和潜力测算三大部分；（3）区域建设用地节约集约利用评价和城市建设用地集约利用评价都涉及定性分析和定量评价的工作，定量评价方法是以多因素综合评价法为主，指标体系设置将因评价目的、对象不同而存在差异，其间用地的承载功能不可忽视。     

不同主导功能开发区土地集约利用研究——以江苏省188个省级及以上开发区为例

开发区是实体经济发展的重要载体。研究不同主导功能开发区的土地集约利用对促进产业转型升级和区域高质量发展有重要意义。文章以江苏省188个省级及以上开发区为例,构建了基于不同主导功能的具有可比性的开发区土地集约利用评价指标体系,运用AHP-CRITIC组合赋权法测算开发区土地利用集约度,并从开发区主导功能视角对比产城融合型和工业主导型开发区土地集约利用差异构建回归模型,探讨开发区主导功能对土地集约利用的影响。研究表明：（1）江苏省开发区土地集约利用水平空间差异明显,不论是全部开发区还是不同主导功能开发区,土地利用集约度均呈现出苏南高、苏中次之、苏北最低的特点;（2）江苏省工业主导型开发区土地利用集约度高于产城融合型开发区;（3）开发区主导功能对土地集约利用水平具有显著影响,表现为产城融合型开发区对土地利用集约度有显著负效应。     

辽宁沿海经济带城市土地集约利用评价研究

从辽宁沿海经济带城市土地利用现状入手,选择土地投入水平、土地利用强度、土地利用效益和土地生态利用4个方面的10个评价指标,采用2008年的统计数据,运用层次分析和专家咨询相结合的方法确定了各评价指标的权重,在对评价指标进行无量纲化处理后,利用多因素加权分值法确定城市土地利用集约度。结果表明,研究区土地集约利用程度总体水平不高,区域空间差异较大,因此应进一步加大城市土地利用的挖潜力度,科学规划、合理利用,提高城市土地利用综合效益,提升城市土地集约利用水平。     

基于面板数据的中国城市土地市场发育与土地集约利用的动态关系研究

研究目的：通过分析城市土地市场发育与土地集约利用的长期均衡关系和短期波动效应,为转型期中国城市土地利用集约水平的提高提供一个新的研究视角和实现途径。研究方法：协整理论、Granger因果关系检验和脉冲响应函数。研究结果：中国城市土地的市场化程度与土地利用的集约度存在较稳定的长期均衡关系,而在短期内却是失衡的,且在东、中、西部地区表现各异。在东部,城市土地市场化程度对土地利用集约度的冲击效应为正,且随时间推移而递减,短期内降为0;在中部,城市土地市场化程度对土地集约利用的冲击效应为正且长期存在;在西部,城市土地市场化程度对土地集约利用的冲击效应短期内为负,而随时间推移变为正值且逐渐增大。研究结论：促进城市土地市场的发育和完善是促进转型期中国城市土地资源集约利用的主要手段,但在东、中、西部不同地区应根据土地市场发育程度的不同而有不同的政策着力点。     

四川省耕地利用集约度评价及区域差异特征

通过构建耕地集约利用评价指标体系,采用均方差法确定指标权重并运用综合评价法对1999-2006四川省耕地利用集约度进行评价,在此基础上分析其区域差异.结果表明:耕地利用集约度晕波动上升趋势,且年均耕地利用集约度提高了24.80%;区域差异明显;自然因素、经济发展、人口变化和科技进步是耕地集约利用的驱动力.认为促进耕地集约利用应通过运用宣传教育、规划引导、农业结构优化、土地整治、科技投入等手段.     

基于DPSIR模型的城市土地集约利用时空差异的实证研究 ——以湖北省为例

研究目的：探索城市土地集约利用评价的方法，研究湖北省12个城市2002 — 2006年城市土地集约利用时空差异及其影响因素。研究方法：DPSIR模型和主成份分析法。研究结果：湖北省土地集约利用空间差异明显，沿长江城市的土地集约利用程度较高，是城市土地集约利用的聚集带，而鄂西北、鄂东南城市的土地集约利用程度偏低；2002 — 2006年间，各城市的土地集约利用程度均有所提高，但差异明显。研究结论：基于DPSIR模型评价城市土地集约利用可以减少主观性影响，解释各指标体系之间的相关性与城市土地集约利用程度的关系，揭示出各城市土地集约利用的时间、空间差异。     

基于外部性理论的单中心城市土地经济效益测度与低效用地诊断研究

研究目的：以扬州市区为例，将互联网地价数据与AMM模型理论地价进行同径、圈层及邻域比较，实现土地经济效益的快速判断；基于外部性理论对低效用地成因进行研究。研究方法：空间插值，叠加分析，间断点分析。研究结果：（1）研究区土地经济效益呈半“W”梯度同心圆分布，可分为内、中间、外三个圈层，中间圈层东南及西南片区为城市低效用地集中分布区。（2）研究区土地经济效益存在不同性质突变点，学区、环境等经济突变点表现为河流、道路等；城中村、拆迁安置区等社会突变点表现为主干路。研究结论：（1）单中心城市土地经济效益呈圈层分布，土地经济效益区可划分为集约均衡区、低效用地区、过度集约区，分别与内、中间、外圈层相对应；（2）城市低效用地是经济外部性（学区、环境）和社会外部性（城中村、拆迁安置区人群集聚）共同作用的结果，应采取加大公共服务投入，改善区域社会结构等措施提升低效用地经济效益，进一步推动城市土地供给侧改革。     

武汉市东湖风景区旅游用地的集约利用评价及管控对策

研究目的：针对国内在旅游用地集约利用评价方面研究的不足,定量测度武汉市风景土地利用集约状态,探讨城市风景区土地管控对策,为风景区土地管理提供决策依据与参考。研究方法：GIS方法与AHP评价方法。研究结果：武汉市东湖风景区土地集约度为0.4466,处于不集约的状态。研究结论：针对武汉东湖风景区不集约现象必须从几个方面着手,包括划定城市风景区土地综合功能区;加快整合与迁并,推行风景区改造规划;提高城市景区建设项目准入门槛。     

面粉中含砂量测定的不确定度评定

本文依据《粮油检验粉类粮食含砂量测定》对面粉中含砂量进行测量,并对其测量结果进行不确定度分析,探究影响测量过程中不确定度分量来源并进行评定。分析得出,扩展不确定度为0.0004%,面粉中含砂量测定结果为0.017%±0.0004%(k=2)。     

食品中金黄色葡萄球菌定量检测的不确定度评定

为提高食品中金黄色葡萄球菌定量检测结果的准确性,本文对测量不确定度进行分析和评定.按照《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验金黄色葡萄球菌检验》(GB 4789.10—2016)第二法金黄色葡萄球菌平板计数法对人工染菌的乳粉样品进行检测,按照《测量不确定度评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1—2012)分析不确定度来源、评定标准不确定度、计算合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度.金黄色葡萄球菌定量检测结果的扩展不确定度U=0.0662(k=2.26),金黄色葡萄球菌定量检测结果为33574～45541 CFU·g-1,修约后为34000～46000 CFU·g-1.对金黄色葡萄球菌检测不确定度贡献最大的是接种Baird-Parker平板引入的不确定度,其次是重复检测引入的不确定度.     

Assessment of implementation of protection of mineral deposits in spatial planning in Poland

A complex of raw materials available in a given commune shapes its functional − spatial structure and affects local economic development. The use of the resource base of minerals depends largely on the management of the space and respecting the zoning restrictions connected with protection of mineral deposits. The urgent need to protect them is due to their non-renewable nature and progressive development of the land. Preserving access to deposits is essential to ensure future mineral supply necessary for the economic development. This article presents the results of the assessment of implementation of rules of protection of mineral deposits in spatial planning at the level of territorial units in Poland.The study has been conducted in twenty-three communes of the Lesser Poland voivodeship, for thirty-one unexploited mineral deposits designated for protection in the Spatial Development Plan of the Lesser Poland (Małopolskie) Voivodeship of 2003. In the study of conflict with development of the selected mineral deposits with the environment, factors related to land use, forms of nature protection, water conservation and planned land development have been evaluated. The assessment has taken into account the importance of individual factors of conflict by giving them weights by means of pairwise comparison method. Five classes of conflict of the deposit management have been proposed: non-conflicting deposit, small conflict, medium conflict, major conflict and very big conflict. Almost equal numbers of deposits (9) belong to the class characterized by a of medium, small and large conflicts. Road and technical projects as well as expected significant impact of exploitation on the environment restrain exploitation. The impact is related to the necessity of use of explosives during the exploitation and by the cumulative effect of the mining activity already existing nearby. Analysis of the planning documents of the communes has shown both inadequate protection of mineral resources, including designation of areas of deposits for single-family housing, and a few examples of properly maintained spatial planning in the field of protection of mineral deposits. Information obtained from the environmental survey has been supplemented by assessment of the social aspect. In nine communes it has been determined that the areas of mineral deposits are not subject to spatial conflicts but in seven communes there is opposite situation. The most important benefits from the mineral exploitation which has been indicated in the studied documents included: jobs, access to construction materials and development of the commune.Present work allowed to define the areas and the scale of conflicts induced by development of mineral deposits and to propose measures for rational management of mineral resources. Recognition of the existing and potential conflicts can help to make the right decisions concerning development of the area and minimising impacts of exploitation of the mineral deposits.     

分光光度法测定食品中亚硝酸盐不确定度评估

本文根据《测量不确定度评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1—2012)和《食品安全国家标准食品中亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐的测定》(GB 5009.33—2016),利用分光光度法对食品中亚硝酸盐的含量进行测定,建立数学模型对亚硝酸盐含量测定的不确定度来源分量进行计算、分析,食品中亚硝酸盐的测定结果可以表示为X=(11.2±0.70)mg·kg^-1,k=2,为评价试验测量结果的真确性提供科学依据。     

Evaluation of forestland use in mining operation activities in Turkey in terms of sustainable natural resources

Mining has been necessary for human activities and is conducted in line with this need. The location of mines must sometimes be where land use overlaps with other activities because the location of the mined substance cannot be changed. In Turkey, forestland are the most common of these overlapping areas. Therefore, mining has frequently occurred on forestland in Turkey—and worldwide. After the mining operation activities are conducted, the forestland are rehabilitated and returned to the forest administration. The examination of used and returned areas provides an opportunity to create an optimal situation between “mining for sustainable development” and “protection of forestland.”Accordingly, several questions, such as mining production amounts, degrees of social and economic development of the cities in which enterprises are conducting mining, the quantity of the areas they used for mining activities in forestland, the areas which were returned to the forest administration, operating license areas and operation permit areas, and the life of mining operation, were asked to the mining enterprises in Turkey through the “Survey Monkey” program in 2018. Thus, according to mineral groups, different land use rates were compared with the operating license areas, and the land uses for each mineral group were analyzed by considering the operation activity periods. The results indicate that the sustainability of the use of forestry in mining activities in Turkey has changed in a positive direction, particularly because of changes in mining and environmental legislation in Turkey over the last decade.     

饲料中镉含量的测量不确定度评定

分析石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定饲料中镉含量不确定度各个分量,对其测量不确定度进行合理评定,结果表明:饲料样品中镉含量为0.052 mg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.0035 mg/kg(k=2),校准过程和测试过程随机效应是引入不确定度的主要原因。     

天津市七里海滨海湿地沉积物重金属元素的空间分布特征

对七里海滨海湿地沉积物6种重金属元素进行系统分析,结果表明Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Cd 5种元素在沉积物中含量相对稳定,Hg元素在湿地沉积物中分布不均匀,变化较大。富集度分析表明,七里海滨海湿地重金属富集度划分为元素适中、轻度富集、中度富集3个级别,元素富集程度依次为Cd＞Cu＞Zn＞Pb＞Hg＞As,As元素基本介于元素适中和元素贫乏之间, Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg 4种重金属达到了轻度富集,说明该区已受到轻度污染,Cd元素已到达中度富集,说明该区已受到中度污染,应引起重视。     

葵花籽中水分含量测定不确定度评定

依据《食品安全国家标准食品中水分的测定》(GB 5009.3-2016)中第一法测定葵花籽中的水分。根据方法计算公式建立相应的数学模型,对葵花籽中水分的来源进行全面、细致的分析,通过对影响葵花籽中水分测定结果的4个不确定度分量μA(x)、μ(m1)、μ(m2)、μ(m3)进行量化分析,最后在实验中得出所测定葵花籽水分含量为6.82g/100g时,其扩展不确定度为0.06g/100g(k=2),进而得到了影响合成不确定度最主要的因素为μA(x),进一步保证了检测结果的准确性和稳定性。     

农用地定级中区位因素定量化存在的问题及其改进

通过介绍目前农用地定级工作中区位因素定量化处理的一般方法,分析了目前区位因素定量化过程中存在的问题,如空间距离量算、阻隔与通道、衰减模型、定级区域外的区位因素影响等,并提出了相应的改进措施,以使定级结果尽可能的符合实际.     

Decomposition of gender differentials in agricultural productivity in Ethiopia

A number of studies document gender differentials in agricultural productivity. However, they are limited to region and crop‐specific estimates of the mean gender gap. This article improves on previous work in three ways. First, data representative at the national level and for a wide variety of crops is exploited. Second, decomposition methods—traditionally used in the analysis of wage gender gaps—are employed. Third, heterogeneous effects by women's marital status and along the productivity distribution are analyzed. Drawing on data from the 2011–2012 Ethiopian Rural Socioeconomic Survey, we find an overall 23.4 percentage point productivity differential in favor of men, of which 13.5 percentage points (57%) remain unexplained after accounting for gender differences in land manager characteristics, land attributes, and access to resources. The magnitude of the unexplained fraction is large relative to prior estimates in the literature. A more detailed analysis suggests that differences in the returns to extension services, land certification, land extension, and product diversification may contribute to the unexplained fraction. Moreover, the productivity gap is mostly driven by non‐married female managers—particularly divorced women—; married female managers do not display a disadvantage. Finally, overall and unexplained gender differentials are more pronounced at mid‐levels of productivity.