环境规制对不同规模生猪养殖的影响研究——基于“减排”和“增效”双重视角的考察

[目的]为检验环境规制在生猪养殖产业中是否实现了"减排"和"增效"的双赢。[方法]文章通过计量实证方法对2004—2017年中国生猪养殖的环境效率和绿色全要素生产率进行了测度,并分别考察了环境规制对生猪养殖的环境效率和绿色全要素生产率的影响。[结果]在样本考察期内,小规模、中规模、大规模生猪养殖的环境效率均值依次为0.938、0.965和0.952,且3个规模生猪养殖环境效率在时间上均呈现上升趋势。同时,在此期间小规模、中规模、大规模生猪养殖的绿色全要素生产率的年均增长速度依次为1.6%、1.1%和1.7%,均实现了较快速度增长。在小规模和大规模生猪养殖中,环境规制对生猪养殖的环境效率和绿色全要素生产率均有显著的正向影响,而在中规模生猪养殖中,环境规制对生猪养殖的环境效率和绿色全要素生产率均没有产生影响。[结论]环境规制对生猪养殖的环境效率和绿色全要素生产率均具有一定的促进作用,说明对生猪养殖而言,环境规制能够实现"降污"和"增效"的双赢,但这种现象更多的存在于小规模和大规模生猪养殖中。对于环境效率一直处在较高水平的中规模生猪养殖而言,环境规制对环境效率和绿色全要素生产率均没有影响。     

我国大规模生猪养殖全要素生产率的动态演进及区域差异研究

[目的]随着我国大规模生猪养殖专业户和商品猪场数量比例逐年增加,对我国大规模生猪养殖全要素生产率进行分析,找出其提高方法,有利于推动我国大规模生猪养殖现代化进程。[方法]文章运用DEA-Malmquist指数和Kernel核密度估计以我国29个省(市、自治区)(除去西藏、宁夏)为研究对象,对2008—2017年我国大规模生猪养殖全要素生产率动态演进及区域差异进行分析。[结果]从整体层面分析,2008—2017年以来我国29个省(市、自治区)大规模生猪养殖全要素生产率整体平均TFP指数为0.995,年均下降0.5%,主要制约因素是技术进步缓慢,但两极分化情况得到有效控制;从区域层面分析,仅有重点发展区TFP上升,其余3个区域均有不同程度下降,其中除适度发展区其余两极分化情况得到有效控制。[结论]从整体层面要提升生猪产业整体科研创新能力,提高大规模生猪养殖高新技术的应用效率以及管理效率;从区域层面要针对不同区域资源禀赋、环境承载能力等因素实施差异化政策。     

东北地区耕地利用效率时空差异及其影响因素分析

[目的]对东北地区36个市(州)2005~2014年耕地利用效率进行测度,分析其时空差异,并找出耕地利用效率的影响因素。[方法]利用数据包络分析(DEA)方法计算得出各年各地区效率值,并利用Tobit回归模型其影响因素。[结果]2005~2014年东北地区耕地利用效率相对较高,规模效率值较为稳定,纯技术效率值波动上升,纯技术效率始终是影响综合效率的主要原因;黑龙江省的综合效率水平高于吉林省与辽宁省;在分解效率方面,黑龙江省的纯技术效率水平高于吉林省与辽宁省,吉林省的规模效率高于黑龙江省与辽宁省;受区域农业发展水平影响,不同地区农业投入的资源水平存在差异,综合效率、纯技术效率和规模效率均呈现出由黑龙江省向吉林省、辽宁省扩张的空间格局;从影响因素来看,受灾面积占农作物播种面积比重、单位耕地面积农用机械总动力、单位耕地面积施肥量、农村劳动力人均播种面积共同作用于东北地区耕地利用效率。[结论]东北地区耕地利用效率时空差异明显,多种因素共同影响地区耕地利用效率。     

基于Malmquist指数模型的生猪规模化养殖动态环境效率分析

生猪养殖的规模化和生产园区的集聚现象是未来畜禽养殖产业的必然趋势。探究养殖规模扩大和环境污染加深之间的内在逻辑,是解决目前生猪规模化养殖环境效率普遍较低和降低环境成本实现绿色生产的路径之一。本文评述了生猪规模化养殖的现状、生猪规模化养殖给环境带来的影响及生猪规模化养殖的环境效率测度,估算了湖南省2018年生猪养殖污染物的环境成本,并通过Malmquist指数模型分析了我国14个省(直辖市)5年间的动态环境效率,同时在环境效率方面分析得出各省大部分的环境效率增长贡献来自于技术进步的提高,且出现了部分省区由技术效率提高转向技术进步提高。     

基于随机前沿函数的中国生猪生产效率研究

本文运用随机前沿分析方法,对2002—2009年全国15个生猪主产区的技术效率进行测算,并按规模划分,分析了各生猪主产区间的效率差别以及不同投入要素对生猪生产的贡献。研究发现,我国生猪养殖的总体技术效率较高,规模养殖的技术效率优势逐步体现,其中饲料投入对生猪产出的影响最大,用工数量其次;不同地域的技术效率具有明显差异,粮食主产区要高于经济发达的沿海地区。     

中国生猪养殖的环境效率估算——以粪便中氮盈余为例

本文利用中国生猪养殖的成本收益资料和排污系数普查数据,分析了各地区不同规模生猪养殖个体的技术效率与环境效率状况。实证分析结果表明,我国西南和华北地区生猪养殖的环境效率较高,而西北和东北地区环境效率较低;同时,各地区养殖小区的环境效率高于规模化养殖场,但养殖小区的环境效率呈现下降的趋势,而规模化养殖场的环境效率在逐年提高。同时,本文还发现,生猪养殖的环境效率与技术效率存在较高的正相关性,技术效率较高的个体倾向于拥有较高的环境效率,反之亦然。另外,本文还测算了各投入要素的产出弹性,测算结果显示:养殖小区具有更高的资本产出弹性,技术进步更快,生产过程中存在规模报酬递增的现象。但是,全氮盈余量对生猪产量产生抑制作用,并且对养殖小区的抑制作用更强,可能是养殖小区规模过大、生猪密度过高,使得排泄物及时有效处理的难度增大,导致排泄物中全氮盈余抑制了产量的增长。     

中国生猪生产效率影响因素的实证研究

本文采用超越对数形式的随机前沿生产函数模型,从产业链上游节点与政府管理角度对影响不同养殖规模生猪生产效率的因素进行了深入分析。结果表明:饲料工业基础薄弱以及发展不足成为限制生猪产业发展的瓶颈,制约着生猪生产效率的提高;种猪业的发展对不同养殖规模生猪生产效率具有不同程度的影响;总体上我国乡镇畜牧兽医站的人员配备不合理,基层畜牧兽医机构的疫病防治能力不足,对生猪生产的支持作用不够。     

晋陕豫黄河金三角地区县域经济技术效率研究

[目的]经济技术效率是衡量区域经济发展的重要指标,以此测度分析黄河金三角地区县域经济发展状况,对该地区的经济投入产出技术效率进行测度和对比分析,并对县域经济的技术效率收敛性特征在时间上、空间上的差异进行了探讨。[方法]运用随机前沿分析(SFA)方法,对晋陕豫黄河金三角地区2006~2014年46个县(区)的经济发展面板数据进行分析。[结果]研究表明:(1)黄河金三角地区县域经济在近10年发展过程中产出损失和技术非效率现象突出,产出水平距离前沿面有较大空间,平均技术效率为64.04%,渭南、临汾、运城、三门峡4市间的技术效率差异不大;(2)技术效率的收敛性特征明显,α收敛性检验结果表明各地区经济技术效率差异和离散程度处于均衡状态,β收敛性检验显示各县(区)经济技术效率均朝各自稳态水平发展,地区间的技术效率差距在不断缩小。[结论]文章认为发挥黄河金三角地区作为承接产业转移示范区的引领带动作用,通过制度完善推进省际县域经济一体化协同发展、提升经济资源各要素配置效率、提高金融资本效率等措施是提升技术效率和经济持续增长的可靠对策。     

生猪养殖环境规制的测度及其地区差距分析

[目的]揭示生猪养殖环境规制的地区差距和演变趋势,为学者们度量生猪养殖环境规制提供方法借鉴。[方法]文章统计了2000—2019年国家级、部委级、省级、厅局级和县市级与生猪养殖污染治理有关的环境政策数量,然后采用因子分析法计算了环境政策数量的综合指数,在此基础上,运用Dagum基尼系数分解法考察了生猪养殖环境规制的地区差距及演变趋势。[结果]样本考察期间,我国生猪养殖环境规制强度呈逐年上升趋势,但存在明显的空间非均衡特征。随着时间推移,生猪养殖环境规制的总体区域差距呈先上升后下降的倒U趋势。地区间差距是导致生猪养殖环境规制总体区域差距的主要原因,而超变密度和地区内差距是次要原因。[结论]总体来看,我国各地区的生猪养殖环境规制日趋严格,但存在明显的地区差异,南方水网地区、传统生猪主产区等地区的环境规制强度相对较大,但随着时间推移,这种地区间的差距有逐渐缩小的趋势,说明各地区的生猪养殖环境规制强度在未来会趋同。     

生猪养殖专业化分工的生产率效应及其差异性研究——来自自繁自养型养殖场户的经验证据

在资源环境约束日益趋紧的背景下,亟需探索提高我国生猪生产效率的有效路径。本文在理论探讨生猪养殖专业化分工效率发生机制的基础上,利用河北、辽宁和北京3个北方省份自繁自养型商品猪养殖场户调研数据,采用稳健OLS和分位数回归对养殖专业化分工的生产率效应及其差异性进行实证研究,并使用Bootstrap自助法和分组回归对结果进行了稳健性检验。研究发现:生猪养殖专业化分工对生产效率提升具有促进作用,但影响效应会因分工环节技术密集度和养殖主体技术水平的不同产生差异;商品猪养殖场户在生产效率较低或养殖规模较小时参与终端公猪精液生产环节分工能有效提升生产效率,但在生产效率较高或养殖规模较大时,需参与父母代母猪繁育环节分工才能获得生产效率的进一步提升。因此,健全完善生猪良种繁育体系并通过养殖专业化分工促进技术进步是提高我国生猪生产效率的有效路径,其加快实施需要提升从业者的专业素质及能力并推进标准化建设的协同配合。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.