重庆市地票交易的空间分布特征及其影响因素分析

研究目的:基于2008—2015年重庆市地票交易数据,分析重庆市地票交易的空间分布特征并探究其影响因素,为进一步完善重庆地票交易政策提供参考。研究方法:空间自相关分析和空间计量模型。研究结果:(1)重庆市地票交易规模的空间集聚效益明显,并呈现出与重庆市"一圈两翼"主体功能分区相似的空间分布特征,其中"一小时经济圈"区域成为地票指标的流入极,"两翼"地区则成为地票指标的流出极;(2)影响重庆市各区县地票交易规模的主要因素有地方二三产业产值、财政收入水平、城镇人口数量、城镇固定资产投资额度以及区域主体功能分区。研究结论:(1)地票交易政策的实施有助于优化重庆市城镇新增建设用地配置体系,推动重庆市主体功能区划的实现;(2)重庆市要合理控制地票交易规模,防止区县政府因短期利益过度出让存量农村建设用地指标,避免区域发展失衡。     

成渝“实验区”背景下的农村土地股份合作模式研究——以成都市郊区为例

农村土地股份合作模式地来自基层农民实践的一场致性制度变迁,极具活力,但还存在着不规范和欠成熟.重庆和成都两市当借助"试验区"建设政府引导下的强制生制访问期间变迁模式.     

统筹城乡实践的重庆“地票”交易创新探索

重庆的地票是指农村宅基地及其附属设施用地、乡镇企业用地、农村公共设施和农村公益事业用地等农村集体建设用地,经过复垦和弥补拆迁安置占地,并经土地管理部门严格验收后产生的城乡建设用地增减挂钩指标。重庆农村土地交易市场推出的地票交易模式是统筹城乡重庆实践的制度创新。地票交易优化了要素配置的区域范围和要素的组合机制,要素流动和组合的区域更加广泛,使非农土地级差收益在城乡土地市场上得到了充分实现。重庆地票交易模式还是城乡建设用地市场一体化的初步探索,需要进一步设计相关的政策导向与制度安排,因地制宜、因时制宜地推进地票交易模式的创新与发展。     

农地非农化视角下地票交易供给侧的激励机制及空间效应研究

研究目的:基于农地非农化模型,从农户与区县政府两个层面,考察指标供给侧的激励机制及空间效应,以期为地票交易供给侧激励效率的完善提供参考。研究方法:文献法和模型分析法;研究结果:空间上的"指标漂移"受到区域差异的影响,导致农户和区县政府层面上空间激励低效的问题。研究结论:(1)在农户层面,地票增值收益的返还,忽视了宅基地资源价值的空间差异,造成了宅基地退出的空间低效和耕地保护效果的大打折扣;(2)区县政府层面,地票需求者和供给者的双重身份,指标漂移过程中发展权的损失使其缺乏持续供给地票的积极性。(3)供给侧激励的改善需结合地票增值收益的形成和宅基地区位、功能差异,把握地票供给决策的影响因素,形成空间上层次分明、各有侧重的地票供给激励。     

城乡建设用地流转中置换指标的预警研究——以重庆市地票交易为例

研究目的:城乡建设用地流转中置换指标的预警研究可以较好地判别未来土地利用可能出现的风险和威胁,以重庆市地票交易中用地置换指标为例,可以更好地完善地票交易制度。研究方法:运用头脑风暴法和德尔菲法确定用地置换指标预警的警兆体系,利用极差标准化的方法进行指标数据的无量纲转换,用熵值法计算指标权重,采用bootstrap抽样法和正态分布"3σ"方法确定警度阈值。研究结果:2009年重庆市地票交易中用地置换指标量处于过冷区间,2010年在偏冷区间,2011年在正常区间,2012年和2013年达到过热区间,说明用地置换指标交易量过大,超越了社会经济发展的速度,需要加以控制,否则将会提前消耗未来城镇建设用地储备量。研究结论:研究选取的警兆评价体系能够较好地反映重庆市地票交易中用地置换指标量的变化状况,研究警度阈值的方法有一定合理性,警度发展滞后于用地置换量的变化,警度可用于修正年度城乡建设用地供给量,作为限制过度土地供给的一个依据。     

开辟统筹城乡的制度通道

以农村复垦建设用地增加耕地,将农村节省的建设用地指标通过市场交易补充城市建设需要的土地。重庆市结合耕地保护和城乡建设用地增减挂钩原理,创造性地提出了地票交易制度重庆市地票交易制度是经国务院批准开展的统筹城乡改革试点内容。地票,就是把农村集体建设用地复垦为耕地,腾出的建设用地优先保障农村     

让市场发挥更大能量——地票制度再创新的思考

如何突破"最严格的土地管理制度等于行政管制或等于指令性计划"的窠臼,实现最严格的土地管理制度与市场机制的有效衔接,已成为当下我国土地制度改革中的一项重大课题.2008年发端于成渝的地票交易为农村集体建设用地的市场化改革做出了大胆探索.从制度原理来看,地票交易的关键就是在土地资源的配置中引入市场机制——使农村集体建设用地经复垦后的指标经由市场手段在全市范围内进行优化配置. 截至201 1年底,重庆市地票已累计交易8.9万亩,农民直接获得增值收益达124亿元,初步实现了优化土地资源配置和促进城市反哺农村的预设目标.但现行地票交易的市场化程度仍然有限,有必要进一步深化地票交易制度改革,提升市场在土地资源配置中的基础性作用.     

地票制度创新与土地发展权市场机制及农村土地资产 显化关系

研究目的:探索地票制度的市场化运作创新机制及其与土地发展权市场、农村土地资产显化的关系。研究方法:文献研究法、对比分析法和模型假设演绎法。研究结果:(1)建立了地票制度市场化运作分析框架;(2)构建了土地发展权转移模型,并推导出地票价格应为重庆市城郊分界点城镇建设用地价格;(3)地票价格和土地出让价格存在较大差距,但二者差距小于征地补偿价格与土地出让价格的差距。研究结论:(1)地票制度是利用了土地发展权还原机制,以地票为形式搭建了虚拟指标交易创新制度;(2)地票价格是土地发展权转移价格的体现,当开发总量越小时,发展权转移价格越高;(3)目前地票价格尚不能完全显化土地发展权转移价值,但相对于征地补偿制度,有效地提高了农村土地资产价值,是更能促进资源优化配置的制度创新设计。     

制度变迁下的新疆农村土地流转模式构建

农村土地制度是农村经济制度的基础和核心。文章运用诱致性和强制性制度变迁理论分析了当前我国主要的两种土地流转模式——成都温江模式和山东宁阳模式,在此基础上结合新疆土地流转模式的特点,提出了新疆应遵循诱致性和强制性相结合的原则,发展"农村经济合作组织+政府"的土地流转模式。     

农地流转路径新探索——重庆地票交易制度研究

为合理促进农地流转,重庆进行了新的探索。重庆地票交易制度是一种城乡统筹用地指标,建立城乡统一有效土地市场的一种制度创新,其本质是盘活农村闲置土地资源,缓解城市建设用地紧张现状。但由于试验时间不长,还受到原有一些土地制度的束缚,配套制度一时还跟不上,导致重庆地票交易制度既有一些重大制度创新,也还存在一些需要完善的地方。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.