农户退耕参与意愿的生成逻辑——经济理性或生态理性

以西北S区为例,应用Order probit模型厘清农户参与退耕的行为逻辑。结果表明:获取国家退耕补助、退耕地林业经营收入与非农就业收入等经济理性变量以及维持农田生产安全等生态理性变量是影响农户退耕参与意愿的显著要素;经济理性是农户参与退耕的本能逻辑,生态理性逻辑在一定程度上诱发农户的退耕参与意愿且更符合农户参与新一轮退耕还林工程的逻辑假定;应基于生态经济理性的农户行为逻辑,合理调整农户参与新一轮退耕还林工程的激励政策,从而提升激励政策的有效性。     

后退耕时代退耕区农户的复耕意愿及影响因素分析——基于17省1757个农户的调查

本文采用调研获取的17省1757个农户调查数据,运用Binary Logistic回归模型实证分析了退耕区农户的复耕意愿及其影响因素。研究发现:后退耕时代下,退耕区农户的复耕意愿较低。户主的性别、年龄、农户家庭的劳动力数量显著影响农户的复耕意愿;退耕区农户家庭类型呈现多元化,农户的异质性会削弱农户的复耕意愿;农户的行为、态度和主观规范显著影响农户的复耕意愿,其中对政策了解透彻、参与工程建设、对工程满意度高的农户复耕意愿较低。同时,退耕区农户具有较强的退耕意愿,退耕积极性越高的农户发生复耕的概率越大;退耕农户预期本村复耕发生的比例处于较低水平上,复耕预期比例低的农户,其复耕意愿也低。此外,退耕地收成和退耕补助依然是影响农户复耕意愿的重要因素;农户的复耕意愿具有明显的区域差异。     

退耕还林:林木收益权的法律局限和预期收益分析

本文对《森林法》和《退耕还林条例》等相关法律法规分析表明,退耕农户从其依法享有的采伐利用权所获得的收益受到严格限制,而且,退耕农户的补偿收益和景观开发收益具有较强的不确定性.对林木预期收益测算表明,退耕农户经营林木的收益具有很强时滞性.     

政府退耕补贴行为对农牧交错带农户收入的影响

通过对处于农牧交错带的河北省张家口市坝上3县农户的实地调查,应用农户2006年的家庭生产经营与其他行为的实际数据,分析政府退耕补贴政策行为对农牧交错带农户收入的影响。结论为:无论在退耕补贴期内政府执行原退耕直接补贴标准,还是在补贴期限届满后执行新的补贴标准,农户因退耕而获得的直接补贴与种植牧草收入之和大于在退耕地种植传统农作物的收入。     

提高我国农户农业投资预期的经济学分析

为了解决长期制约农业现代化和可持续发展的农业投资不足的问题,本文借鉴理性预期理论,以农户的投资行为为研究对象,在承认农民投资行为是一种理性行为的基础上,分析了农户投资预期的特征和农户投资预期的主要影响因素,提出了增强农户投资预期的政策建议。     

退耕还林生态补偿机制的激励有效性——基于异质性农户视角

以异质性农户为切入点,分别对农户的退耕行为与还林行为进行重新审视,剖析退耕还林政策实施的内在机制障碍,深入研究农户个体差异导致的激励不足和激励错位问题;在此基础上,提出中国退耕还林生态补偿政策的调整方向与优化路径:短期内,提高退耕补助额或尝试多样化的补贴政策以激励农户的参与积极性,中长期则需要拓宽非农就业渠道和发展林业碳汇市场来保证退耕还林工程的可持续性。     

农户行为研究若干问题述评

本文对农户经济行为研究的学派和方法进行了归纳，并认为农户的“理性”之争实质是不同形式的“理性”之争，作者认为农户人口再生产投资最终取决于农户的“效用最大化”。     

农户安全蔬菜供给决策机制实证分析——基于河北省定州市、山东省寿光市和浙江省临海市菜农的调查

本文运用河北省定州市、山东省寿光市和浙江省临海市510个农户的调查数据,以计划行为理论作为分析框架,分别采用结构方程模型和多元线性回归模型分析了农户安全蔬菜供给的决策机制。结果显示:农户安全蔬菜供给决策受行为意向、预期收益、政府规制、政府服务、蔬菜交易方式、户主年龄以及家庭劳动力数量的直接影响;而行为意向由供给目标、行为态度、主观规范和控制认知决定;预期收益、政府规制、交易方式、户主年龄与行为意向产生交互作用影响农户安全蔬菜供给决策。文章最后还提出了扩大安全蔬菜供给、提高蔬菜质量安全水平的对策建议。     

有限理性下农户减灾措施响应分析——基于湖北省农户调查数据

本文基于对湖北省监利县、曾都区和黄陂区570个农户的调查数据,使用Logistic分析方法来探究在遭遇自然灾害时农户响应各种减灾措施的主要影响因素及其程度。研究表明,对农户减灾措施响应行为造成显著影响的因素分别是户主年龄、户主教育年限、决策主体、政策环境、预期收益和实施成本,这些因素在不同阶段不同程度地影响着农户的响应决策和行为。同时,农户在响应减灾措施的决策过程中会带有明显的个人特征和主观偏见,使农户响应行为偏离经济理性,在两种极端情况下农户的响应行为会出现"单因素否决制"。     

灌区农户合作行为的博弈分析

本文首先给出灌区农户合作行为经济模型，并据此给出农户灌区管理服务供给的纳什均衡解。由此说明：作为理性的经济行为人，一个人预期其他人提供的公共物品越多，他自己的供给就越少；灌区内农户相互协作的责任是以其他人的行为预期为条件的。影响灌区农户合作行为的内生因素为农户收入水平和农户所处的地理位置，外生因素则为私人物品和公共物品消费的相对重要性以及公共物品价格。为促进农户灌区管理合作行为，政府应该在补偿机制、合作规则的建立以及政策扶持方面发挥重要作用。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.